Environmental awareness factor of used cell phones

Electronic waste management scenario in Bangladesh: policies, recommendations, and case study at Dhaka and Chittagong for a sustainable solution

Nowadays, the electrical and electronic products are a crucial commodity for different purposes of daily life and they are multiplying five times faster than human like mobile phones, which has reached zero to 7.2 billion in only three decades. A 5-10% yearly increase in the amount of used electrical and electronic equipment that are disposed of prudently can cause environmental hazards that have an aversive effect on human health, marine life, contamination of groundwater, and reduces soil's fertility. Management of this enormous influx of electrical and electronic waste is a challenge for developing countries like Bangladesh with barebones solid waste management infrastructure. Inadequacy of public awareness, policies and poor budget in the field of waste management are few of the key factors behind this delineating scenario. In this study, the picture electrical and electronic waste productions in Bangladesh along with the recent E-waste management systems have been presented comprehensively. Based on the study, it was concluded that most of the adapted E-waste management methods are conversational and detached from current technological capability. A set of sustainable E-waste management system has been suggested along with the challenges, which might appear during the implementation of these strategies. Successful implementation of these suggested systems would advance the quality of E-waste management in Bangladesh increasing the current 35% overall E-waste recycling rate and offer enormous energy from the waste.

This study aims to to know and to analyze influence ( 1 ) the number of labor in the industrial sector in indonesia on wage levels in indonesia .( 2 ) working hours in the industrial sector in indonesia on wage levels in indonesia .( 3 ) together the amount of labor and working hours in the industrial sector in indonesia on wage levels in indonesia .Type research, this research is descriptive where data used is secondary data in cross section or of the year 2017 and related institutions.In this research using a technique of analysis a linear regression berganda to find how free variable influence on variables bound.The research results obtained show that: ( 1 ) the number of workers on the industrial sector in indonesia influential positive and insignificant on wage levels in indonesia.( 2 ) working hours on the industrial sector in indonesia positive and significant influence on wage levels in indonesia.In bersama-sama numbers of workers and working hours on the industrial sector in indonesia significant impact on wage rates in indonesia with the level of influence 41 %.So it can from the research suggested that the importance of the role of manpower and the government to cooperate in improving the wage rates in indonesia.

ASEAN-China free trade has an impact on economic performance among sectors in Indonesia. One of the sectors affected by the free trade is the industrial sector that is the largest contributor to national income sector in Indonesia. This study is intended to explain the impact of the ASEAN-China free trade on the performance of the industrial sector in Indonesia. This is a descriptive qualitative research aimed to qualitatively analyze and describe the impact of the ASEAN-China free trade on the industrial sector in Indonesia. It can be concluded that the performance of the industrial sector has decreased during the implementation of the ASEAN- China free trade. This is indicated by (1) the contribution of industrial sector to GDP which decreases and the contribution to employment has no significant change, (2) the industrial sector grew on average per year lower than the average growth of GDP, (3) the contribution of the industrial sector in Indonesia's total exports tend to decrease too. Industrial exports grew on average per year lower than the growth of total exports, (4) the contribution to total imports of industrial products Indonesian non-oil imports increases. Imports of industrial products experienced average growth per year which is higher than the growth in total non-oil imports, (5) the percentage of realization of investment (both domestic and FDI) in the industrial sector to total investment in Indonesia also tends to decrease, (6) the percentage of bank extended credit to the industrial sector tends to decrease .

Circular Economy (CE) models are increasingly referenced in international fora and on many countries’ climate action agendas. This emphasis is associated with the international environmental and climate crisis. The case of the electronics industry remains particularly relevant, given its background in the use of CE models and its potential to enhance their use. This work focuses on consumer behavior regarding electronics products in Mexico. This is a largely under-researched topic not only in Mexico but also in Latin America. This study demonstrates that, by trying to extend the lifespan of their electronic products, consumers have awareness of product circularity. However, there is a lack of incentives to capitalize on this consumer interest, compounded by the limited participation of manufacturers and distributors. It is concluded that with a well-designed public policy, the electronics industry (including the mobile phone sector) in Mexico can move toward a CE model more rapidly. A stronger initiative for CE by design should be part of these policies, not only in Mexico but also internationally. The role of better eco-labelling in promoting consumers’ environmental awareness is essential. The lessons of this case study might be of interest to other countries as well.

E-waste management can be defined as all the measures taken to protect humans and the environment from the toxic effects of constituents of electronic and other wastes. In India, handling of computer scrap is done using diverse approaches in management alternatives such as product reuse, usual disposal in landfills, and incineration or open-air burning. Cyanogenic bacteria, in combination with the hydrometallurgy process, will be useful in the extraction of metals from electronic waste and thus will help in the management of e-waste. Leached heavy metals generated due to the wrong disposal of e-waste hamper the human health and ecosystem. E-waste generated in developed countries like the USA gets exported for recycling in developing countries. In India, 146180 tons of electronic waste is generated per year. The e-waste problem in India seems to be compounding due to rapid changes taking place not only in computers and cell phones but also in domestic appliances.

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS: Conference, Hearing Call Up Cell Phone Use

Increased economic development in the industrial and service sectors is a component that is expected to be able to contribute significantly to the Indonesian economy. The research objective is to compare the number of absorbed workforces and employment elasticity in the industrial and service sectors in Indonesia. Variables used in this study consist of the variable influence of labor and GDP on production units, in this case, the industrial sector and the service sector which can later compare elasticities employment opportunities in the industrial and service sectors. In this study, the type of data used is secondary data from 2010-2019. The analytical tool used is a two-step structural model and analyzed using SPSS. From the results of the analysis, it was found that the elasticity of employment in the industrial sector is positive inelastic. The elasticity of employment in the service sector is positive inelastic. The elasticity of employment in the service sector is greater than the elasticity of employment in the industrial sector in Indonesia.

E-waste or electronic-waste management is a totally new field of research in India. It is also known as e-scrap. It is very important to know that how we are treating e-waste in India as it causes some serious health hazards to human beings. It is also very essential to study what policies we are using for managing e-waste in India. People in India are not aware about the negative effects of e-waste on human health; that is why they are also unaware of the e-waste management concept. We, as Indian store their abandoned electronic products at their homes. By doing so, we are directly ignoring our health as hazardous gases are released from this discarded electronics equipment which cause cancer, liver problems and other serious health hazards. Here in this paper we study e-waste management policies of various developed countries. We consider Europe, USA, United Kingdom, Japan and Germany as developed countries here. We also study the e-waste management policies for India also. This case study was conducted to find out the limitations in existing Indian e-waste management policies. The comparison is based on three points, which are: challenges or drawbacks in the existing ewaste management system, skill and technology used to recycle the e-waste and collection and disposal methods used for e-waste. Keywords: E-waste, management, policies, India, USA, German Cite this Article Somvir Arya, Ajay Gupta, Arvind Bhardwaj. E-Waste Recycling: India versus Developed Countries. Journal of Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits. 2019; 9(1): 6–12P.


 
 
 Introduction As the country with the fifth largest population in the world, Indonesia is a massive potential market for mobile technology adoption and development. Despite an annual per capita income of only $1,280 USD (World Bank), there are 63 million mobile phone users in Indonesia (Suhartono, sec. 1.7) and it is predicted to reach 80 million in 2007 (Jakarta Post 1). Mobile phones are not only a symbol of Indonesian modernity (Barendregt 5), but like other communication technology can become a platform through which to explore socio-political issues (Winner 28). In this article we explore the role mobile phone technology in contemporary forms of social, intimate, and sexual relationships in Indonesia. We argue that new forms of expression and relations are facilitated by the particular features of mobile technology. We discuss two cases from contemporary Indonesia: a mobile dating service (BEDD) and mobile phone pornography. For each case study, we first discuss the socio-political background in Indonesia, then describe the technological affordances of the mobile phone which facilitate dating and pornography, and finally give examples of how the mobile phone is effecting change in dating and pornographic practices. This study is placed at a time when social relations, intimacy, and sexuality in Indonesia have become central public issues. Since the end of the New Order whilst many people have embraced the new freedoms of reformasi and democratization, there is also a high degree of social anxiety, tension and uncertainty (Juliastuti 139-40). These social changes and desires have played out in the formations of new and exciting modes of creativity, solidarity, and sociality (Heryanto and Hadiz 262) and equally violence, terror and criminality (Heryanto and Hadiz 256). The diverse and plural nature of Indonesian society is alive with a myriad of people and activities, and it is into this diverse social body that the mobile phone has become a central and prominent feature of interaction. The focus of our study is dating and pornography as mediated by the mobile phone; however, we do not suggest that these are new experiences in Indonesia. Rather over the last decade social, intimate, and sexual relationships have all been undergoing change and their motivations can be traced to a variety of sources including the factors of globalization, democratization and modernization. Throughout Asia “new media have become a crucial site for constituting new Asian sexual identities and communities” (Berry, Martin, and Yue 13) as people are connecting through new communication technologies. In this article we suggest that mobile phone technology opens new possibilities and introduces new channels, dynamics, and intensities of social interaction. Mobile phones are particularly powerful communication tools because of their mobility, accessibility, and convergence (Ling 16-19; Ito 14-15; Katz and Aakhus 303). These characteristics of mobile phones do not in and of themselves bring about any particular changes in dating and pornography, but they may facilitate changes already underway (Barendegt 7-9; Barker 9). Mobile Dating Background The majority of Indonesians in the 1960s and 1970s had arranged marriages (Smith-Hefner 443). Education reform during the 70s and 80s encouraged more women to attain an education which in turn led to the delaying of marriage and the changing of courtship practices (Smith-Hefner 450). “Compared to previous generations, [younger Indonesians] are freer to mix with the opposite sex and to choose their own marriage,” (Utomo 225). Modern courtship in Java is characterized by “self-initiated romance” and dating (Smith-Hefner 451). Mobile technology is beginning to play a role in initiating romance between young Indonesians. Technology One mobile matching or dating service available in Indonesia is called BEDD (www.bedd.com). BEDD is a free software for mobile phones in which users fill out a profile about themselves and can meet BEDD members who are within 20-30 feet using a Bluetooth connection on their mobile devices. BEDD members’ phones automatically exchange profile information so that users can easily meet new people who match their profile requests. BEDD calls itself mobile social networking community; “BEDD is a new Bluetooth enabled mobile social medium that allows people to meet, interact and communicate in a new way by letting their mobile phones do all the work as they go throughout their day.” As part of a larger project on mobile social networking (Humphreys 6), a field study was conducted of BEDD users in Jakarta, Indonesia and Singapore (where BEDD is based) in early 2006. In-depth interviews and open-ended user surveys were conducted with users, BEDD’s CEO and strategic partners in order to understand the social uses and effects BEDD. The majority of BEDD members (which topped 100,000 in January 2006) are in Indonesia thanks to a partnership with Nokia where BEDD came pre-installed on several phone models. In management interviews, both BEDD and Nokia explained that they partnered because both companies want to help “build community”. They felt that Bluetooth technology such as BEDD could be used to help youth meet new people and keep in touch with old friends. Examples One of BEDD’s functions is to help lower barriers to social interaction in public spaces. By sharing profile information and allowing for free text messaging, BEDD can facilitate conversations between BEDD members. According to users, mediating the initial conversation also helps to alleviate social anxiety, which often accompanies meeting new people. While social mingling and hanging out between Jakarta teenagers is a relatively common practice, one user said that BEDD provides a new and fun way to meet and flirt. In a society that must balance between an “idealized morality” and an increasingly sexualized popular culture (Utomo 226), BEDD provides a modern mode of self-initiated matchmaking. While BEDD was originally intended to aid in the matchmaking process of dating, it has been appropriated into everyday life in Indonesia because of its interpretive flexibility (Pinch & Bjiker 27). Though BEDD is certainly used to meet “beautiful girls” (according to one Indonesian male user), it is also commonly used to text message old friends. One member said he uses BEDD to text his friends in class when the lecture gets boring. BEDD appears to be a helpful modern communication tool when people are physically proximate but cannot easily talk to one another. BEDD can become a covert way to exchange messages with people nearby for free. Another potential explanation for BEDD’s increasing popularity is its ability to allow users to have private conversations in public space. Bennett notes that courtship in private spaces is seen as dangerous because it may lead to sexual impropriety (154). Dating and courtship in public spaces are seen as safer, particularly for conserving the reputation young Indonesian women. Therefore Bluetooth connections via mobile technologies can be a tool to make private social connections between young men and women “safer”. Bluetooth communication via mobile phones has also become prevalent in more conservative Muslim societies (Sullivan, par. 7; Braude, par. 3). There are, however, safety concerns about meeting strangers in public spaces. When asked, “What advice would you give a first time BEDD user?” one respondent answered, “harus bisa mnilai seseorang krn itu sangat penting, kita mnilai seseorang bukan cuma dari luarnya” (translated: be careful in evaluating (new) people, and don’t ever judge the book by its cover”). Nevertheless, only one person participating in this study mentioned this concern. To some degree meeting someone in a public may be safer than meeting someone in an online environment. Not only are there other people around in public spaces to physically observe, but co-location means there may be some accountability for how BEDD members present themselves. The development and adoption of matchmaking services such as BEDD suggests that the role of the mobile phone in Indonesia is not just to communicate with friends and family but to act as a modern social networking tool as well. For young Indonesians BEDD can facilitate the transfer of social information so as to encourage the development of new social ties. That said, there is still debate about exactly whom BEDD is connecting and for what purposes. On one hand, BEDD could help build community in Indonesia. One the other hand, because of its privacy it could become a tool for more promiscuous activities (Bennett 154-5). There are user profiles to suggest that people are using BEDD for both purposes. For example, note what four young women in Jakarta wrote in the BEDD profiles: Personal Description Looking For I am a good prayer, recite the holy book, love saving (money), love cycling… and a bit narcist. Meaning of life Ordinary gurl, good student, single, Owen lover, and the rest is up to you to judge. Phrenz ?! Peace?! Wondeful life! I am talkative, have no patience but so sweet. I am so girly, narcist, shy and love cute guys. Check my fs (Friendster) account if you’re so curious. Well, I am just an ordinary girl tho. Anybody who wants to know me. A boy friend would be welcomed. Play Station addict—can’t live without it! I am a rebel, love rock, love hiphop, naughty, if you want proof dial 081********* phrenz n cute guyz As these profiles suggest, the technology can be used to send different kinds of messages. The mobile phone and the BEDD software merely facilitate the process of social exchange, but what Indonesians use it for is up to them. Thus BEDD and the mobile phone become tools through which Indonesians can explore their i

Nearly 290,000 tons of electronic waste was generated in Nigeria during the year 2017, which is likely to increase further due to high population growth rates, accelerated urbanization, high demand for electronic products, as well as disposal at their end-of-life. At the same time, e-waste is associated with negative human health impacts, as well as environmental pollution. Therefore, environmental awareness on this waste stream is crucial in its management and possible minimization. In this paper, we report on a survey which investigated awareness levels and knowledge amongst households in the Jos metropolis, Plateau State (Nigeria). We interviewed 228 respondents by means of close-ended questionnaires. The results indicated that cell phones (93%) and television sets (82%) were mentioned by most respondents. The main reasons for acquiring these electronic devices entailed the replacement of damaged ones (49.6%), frequent product upgrades (37.7%), as well as theft (35.55%), amongst others. The most predominant method of disposing e-waste included illegal dumping in open spaces along with other household wastes (25%), storing it at home indefinitely (27.6%), and selling it to others for possible reuse (17.5%). Although the handling and storage of this waste is currently inappropriate, most respondents (84.2%) were willing to participate in its management provided they are given appropriate knowledge (89.9%) on its safe disposal and recycling. Lastly, we found no significant correlation between existing awareness levels on e-waste and willingness to participate in its management based on the socio-demographical profile of respondents. Thus, we recommend educational interventions on sound e-waste management in the Jos metropolis, along with a systematic analysis of how policy interventions such as the extended producer responsibility schemes can be designed for effective e-waste management and recycling amongst all stakeholders.

An enormous volume of electronic waste (e-waste) is currently being generated in Vietnam, threatening to render this country as an e-waste dumping region. Although the residents play an indispensable role in the e-waste management system, there is presently no or very limited studies available which involve public perceptions on the e-waste recycling in Vietnam. In this study, based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to examine the key factors influencing e-waste recycling behavioral intention of residents in Danang city, Vietnam. Data analyzed from 520 questionnaires revealed that environmental awareness and attitude toward recycling, social pressure, laws and regulations, cost of recycling, and inconvenience of recycling significantly directly affected residents’ behavioral intention, with laws and regulations being the strongest construct significantly to predict individuals’ intention. Of the five above-listed constructs, only inconvenience of recycling had a negative impact on residents’ recycling behavioral intention. Moreover, past experience showed the statistically significant negative effect on the inconvenience of recycling while it had no significant impact on behavioral intention. The influences of demographic variables on recycling behavioral intention were also discussed in this paper. The findings from this research may help policy-makers have a better understanding of residents’ e-waste recycling intention. That is very useful in paving the way for a successful e-waste recycling and management system not only in Vietnam, but also in other countries which are suffering from the same problems of e-waste.

In the past one decade, an increasing number of motor vehicles necessarily results in huge amounts of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) in the future. From the view point of environment protection and resource utilization, government subsidy and public awareness of environmental protection play a critical role in promoting the formal recycle enterprises to recycle the ELVs as many as possible. Different from the existing similar models, a mixed integer nonlinear optimization model is established in this paper to formulate the management problems of recycling ELVs as a centralized decision-making system, where damaged and aging degrees, correlation between the recycled quantity and take-back price of ELVs, and the public environmental protection awareness are considered. Unlike the results available in the literature, take-back prices of the ELVs are the endogenous variables of the model (decision variables), which affect the collected quantity of ELVs and the profit of recycling system. Additionally, due to distinct damaged and aging degrees of the ELVs, the refurbished or dismantled amounts of ELVs are also regarded as the decision variables so that the recycle system is more applicable. By case study and sensitivity analysis, validity of the model is verified and impacts of the governmental subsidy and environmental awareness are analyzed. By the proposed model, it is revealed that: (1) Distinct treatment of ELVs with different damaged and aging degrees can increase the profit of recycling ELVs; (2) Compared with the transportation cost, higher processing cost is a main obstacle to the profit growth. Advanced processing technology plays the most important role in improving the ELV recovery efficiency. (3) Both of government subsidy and environmental awareness seriously affect decision-making of recycle enterprises.

Rapid technology change, low initial costs have resulted in a fast-growing surplus of electrical and electronic equipment waste (e-waste) around the globe. Management of e-waste in an environment friendly way according to all legal regulations carries great importance. E-waste management system incorporates different stakeholders through the whole life cycle of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) - producers/importers, distributors, consumers/users, collectors, recyclers. The system's efficiency depends on the environmental awareness and effective activity of each of the actors. The public sector is dealt with in this paper describing the differences and problems of a non-household (B2B) sector in the e-waste chain. The aim of this paper is to evaluate efficiency of the e-waste management system in the public sector (PS), identifying the problems which have brought about reduced e-waste management efficiency. It is anticipated that the recommendations proposed should increase the efficiency of the PS and some of the recommendations could be applied to the e-waste management system in general.

Waste mobile phones: A survey and analysis of the awareness, consumption and disposal behavior of consumers in Australia