Economic policy of Eastern European countries in the field of energy in the context of global challenges

In this study we aimed to determine the extent to which changes in the share of renewable energy sources, their structural complex, and the level of energy security in Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA) countries in the medium- and long-term are interconnected. The study was performed through modeling and determination of the structural characteristics of energy security in the countries. The methodology of the approach to modeling was based on solving the problem of nonlinear optimization by selecting a certain scenario. For the study, the data of EECCA countries were used. The ability of EECCA countries to benefit from long-term indirect and induced advantages of the transformation period depends on the extent to which their domestic supply chains facilitate the deployment of energy transformation and induced economic activity. This study provides an opportunity to assess the degree of influence of renewable energy sources on the level of energy security of countries in the context of energy resource diversification. The high degree of influence of renewable energy sources on energy security in the EECCA countries has been proven in the implementation of the developed scenarios for its increase. Energy security is growing. At the same time, its level depends not only on an increase in the share of renewable sources but also on the structure of energy resources complex of countries, and the development of various renewable energy sources. Therefore, today the EECCA countries are forced not only to increase the share of renewable energy sources but also to attach strategic importance to the structural content of their energy complex.

Introduction. The organization of partnership relations between the state and business in the field of energy security of Ukraine requires a comprehensive approach based on joint responsibility, transparency, mutually beneficial cooperation and innovative development. The main principles of interaction between the state and business in the field of energy security are the principle of joint responsibility; the principle of transparency and openness; the principle of mutually beneficial cooperation; the principle of sustainable development; the principle of innovativeness; principle of legal regulation; the principle of cyber security; the principle of adaptability. The implementation of these principles will ensure the stability of the country's energy system, contribute to the attraction of investments in the field of renewable energy and increase national security as a whole. Each country has developed its own approaches to the organization of partnership between business and government in the field of energy security, has its own peculiarities in the management of the energy sector, depending on political, economic and geographical factors. How successfully companies will be able to join forces with the state and public organizations in the formation of an active social development strategy will depend on the competitiveness and efficiency of the business itself. Individual states are gradually losing the ability to independently form internal socio-economic policies, giving way to transnational corporations. Purpose. The purpose of this study is to form a system of principles of effective partnership between business and government in the field of energy security of Ukraine based on the methodology of developed countries of the world. Materials and methods. The methodology of this study is based on a comprehensive approach that covers theoretical and practical aspects of interaction between business and government in the field of energy security of Ukraine. To achieve the goals of the study, a number of methods were used to examine partnerships between the public and private sectors at various levels, as well as to investigate their impact on the country's energy security. The results. The main principles of interaction between the state and business in the field of energy security are the principle of joint responsibility; the principle of transparency and openness; the principle of mutually beneficial cooperation; the principle of sustainable development; the principle of innovativeness; principle of legal regulation; the principle of cyber security; the principle of adaptability. The first stage of the research was the development of existing theories and concepts on energy security, as well as the interaction between business and the state in economic and social processes. An important aspect of this stage is the analysis of the legal framework of Ukraine, which regulates energy issues and partnership relations between the public and private sectors. Attention was paid to regulatory documents such as the "Law of Ukraine on Energy", as well as international agreements and standards that affect the energy sector of Ukraine. The theoretical analysis also covered the study of scientific works of domestic and foreign researchers on energy security, public-private partnership (PPP) models in different countries and their effectiveness in the context of energy strategies. The application of a systemic approach allowed considering energy security as a multifactorial process covering political, economic, technical and environmental aspects. This approach contributed to the identification of the main elements of energy security and the interaction between business and government, which affect the development of the energy sector. The system analysis made it possible to consider the energy security of Ukraine as a component of national security, as well as to assess the role of the partnership between the state and business in this process. In particular, an analysis of energy threats, possible scenarios for the development of the energy sector of Ukraine and potential ways of overcoming them through cooperation between the state and the private sector was carried out. Empirical data was used to analyze real examples of partnership between business and the state in the field of energy security of Ukraine. In particular, an analysis of successful PPP projects in the energy sector, such as the construction and modernization of energy infrastructure, the introduction of renewable energy sources and the improvement of energy efficiency, was carried out. The method of comparative analysis was used to assess the effectiveness of partnership relations between business and government. In particular, the experience of the countries of the European Union in the field of partnership organization in the energy sector was analyzed. Particular attention is paid to countries with similar conditions to Ukraine, such as Poland and Lithuania, as well as their models of cooperation between state structures and business to ensure energy independence. The comparison made it possible to single out the key aspects of a successful partnership and identify the main problems that stand in the way of implementing effective PPPs in Ukraine, in particular, the issues of corruption, bureaucracy and the lack of clear control mechanisms for project implementation. Prospects. Strengthening energy security requires an effective partnership between the state and business, as both parties play a key role in the development, implementation and maintenance of infrastructure and strategies,

This paper presents possible methodical approach to assessing level of the state energy security and its influence on the national security. In order to ensure proper level of the national security of the state, it is necessary to assess dangers in a great variety of areas, particularly, in the energy sector. Authors of this paper propose a version of solving the problem with the help of application of the state-of-the-art information technologies on the basis of the intellectual analysis of statistical data. The authors provide general description of the methodical approach in order to assess dangers for the existing level of the energy security. This approach is based on the comprehensive application of the grouped expert estimates, as well as on the theory of the experiment planning (the experimental design theory) and on the group method of data handling. The proposed approach is characterised by its relative simplicity and usability from the point of view of application of the already existing software products. The results, which would be obtained with the help of this method, can be easily interpreted and analysed. In addition, this paper proposes more adequate approach to understanding level of the energy security, as well the level of the national security of the state. The paper presents the specific example for assessing level of the energy security as well as procedure for finding explicit form of the computational functional with the help of the software GMDH Shell, which makes it possible to increase validity of the derived data as compared with the known approaches. Subsequent investigations will be carried out with the purpose of development of the scientifically substantiated approach to identification of the relevant criterial values of the danger indicators in order to ensure making adequate decisions in respect of responding to these dangers

The article analyzes the development of global and domestic renewable energy, summarizes research on renewable energy sources and outlines ways of strategic development of renewable energy in Ukraine. A number of technical-technological and organizational-economic measures aimed at improving the efficiency of energy potential of renewable energy sources have been identified. It is proved that at the present stage the use of renewable energy sources is growing. This indicates that in the long run, the use of renewable energy sources will allow producers to reduce financial costs for energy resources such as natural gas and coal, increase their income and increase the efficiency of domestic production, improve the environmental situation in the country. With the reduction of traditional energy resources and their rise in price, the main problem of the state is to ensure the country's energy security. Solving this problem, it focuses on energy from sources such as solar, wind, biological industrial and household waste, the use of hydro and geothermal energy, as well as the introduction of innovative energy-saving technologies in social production. Along with the increase in the use of non-fossil energy sources, the level of economic security of the country will increase, which will have a positive impact on human health. Given that renewable energy sources have an inexhaustible resource and are an important reserve for increasing Ukraine's energy independence, there is a need for research in the field of renewable energy. The aim of the article is to study promising ways to use renewable energy to the extent that would maximize the country's energy independence. Given the crisis in the country's energy sector and the exorbitant prices of fossil energy resources, efforts need to be made to develop and use renewable energy sources. Given that Ukraine has all the conditions for renewable energy, using sources such as sun, wind, biological waste and household waste, geothermal energy of the Earth, hydropower, etc., the country is able, in the strategic perspective, to occupy one of the leading places in the world for the development and use of renewable energy. The use of renewable energy sources and the introduction of resource-saving technologies in production can have a positive effect not only on reducing the cost of energy resources and increasing the competitiveness of domestic industrial and agricultural products, but also improving the ecological environment.

The article deals with discussing scientific, practical and methodological approaches to determining the assessment of countries' energy security and reliability, regardless of whether they have their own energy resources or importing it. To ensure their own economic and energy security, each state must constantly implement legal, economic and administrative measures aimed at protecting its national interests, while relying on a long-term strategy.It’s worth noting the fact that the definition of the category "energy security" should contain technological and economic components, combined in some way. That is, in the modern sense, the energy security guarantee is the achievement of a technically reliable, stable, costeffective and environmentally balanced provision of energy resources to the needs of the economy and the population, as well as the creation of conditions for the formation and implementation of a policy to protect national interests in the energy sector.The article discusses indicators that contribute to the growth of economic stability of energy enterprises and, consequently, countries' energy security. With the help of these indicators, the capabilities of the selected outsourcers are compared, and also analyzes the feasibility of a contract form or the feasibility of creating a separate enterprise, on the basis of which the existing divisions for the production of energy products of diversified production, will ensure the country's energy security. The article emphasizes 3 countries with the highest level of energy security – the UK, Russia and Belgium. Russia due to natural resources, Great Britain and Belgium due to internal economic potential. The European Union is forced to import almost all energy resources and ensuring energy security has become a critical issue on the European Union agenda. The EU has the largest energy supplies among the regions of the world, approximately 15% of the entire world market. At the same time, the gap between production and consumption of solid fuel is very large, more than in the United States. The main supplier of Europe is Russia, which to some extent puts European countries in a dependent position. Therefore, an important area of European policy is the energy supplies diversification and ensuring the country's energy security. From the point of view of determining the future role of energy carriers in the European countries energy supply, it is important to evaluate the main factors that determined considered in the article trends in world energy consumption. It is worth noting that almost every energy carrier has a technological niche, where its use is predominant or even exclusive. Therefore, it is very important for the countries of the European Union to achieve the highest level of energy security and independence.

The article examines the impact of renewable energy sources development on increasing the energy security level of the country, energy security risks and threats. The main hypothesis of the study is the presence of renewable energy influence on energy security level of the Republic of Belarus. In the course of the study, the existing indicators of energy security, formed in the Concept of Energy Security of the Republic of Belarus, and the existing methodology for assessing the energy security level in the country were considered. Information on the installed capacity of power plants based on renewable energy sources in the country and the energy they generate was collected; factors that accelerated the development of the most popular areas of renewable energy in the country have been identified. On the basis of the existing indicators of energy security, an integral indicator was developed and calculated. The calculation results indicate a gradual increase in the level of energy security of the Republic of Belarus in the period from 2010 to 2018. The main hypothesis was tested using the correlation analysis. Based on the previously calculated values, a correlation matrix was built and the values of the correlation coefficients were determined. Correlation analysis showed the presence of a strong positive relationship between the installed capacity and energy production from renewable sources, on the one hand, and the integral indicator of energy security and its individual blocks, on the other hand. Renewable energy sources have the greatest impact on such blocks of energy security as energy independence, energy efficiency of final consumption of fuel and energy resources and economic sustainability of the fuel and energy complex. The statistical significance of the correlation coefficients was checked using the Student's t-test and showed the high significance of the results obtained. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the development of renewable energy sources has a significant positive impact on the level of energy security of the country and, accordingly, the possibility of reducing the risks and threats to which the energy industry is exposed through the development of renewable energy. The work may be of interest to scientists and teachers, specialists, graduate students and students in the field of energy.

Creation of a single European energy space is impossible without proper and rapid assessment of the level of energy supply of the country. Depending on the specifics of regional development, indicators for assessing the level of energy security are different. Therefore, the study of the methodology for assessing the current state of the resource supply of the multifaceted energy system of the country is an important and topical task of the country's management. The proposed methodology for an integrated assessment of the economic security level is characterized by the use of the multiplicative form of the integrated index and contains a number of additional recent indices; simultaneous normalization of indices and their threshold values by a common normalizing function; substantiation of the threshold value vector; as well as by a formalized definition of weighting factors, which allows to compare the dynamics of the integrated index with integrated threshold values on one scale, i.e. correctly identify the state of economic security. The theoretical approaches to the integrated assessment of the country's energy security level have been analyzed and summarized and an evaluation methodology has been proposed that differs from the previous ones in that it allows to assess in detail the energy security level in the regional context. The paper describes the results of developing a methodology for assessing Ukraine's energy security based on an indicative approach. The methodology for predicting threats to the country's energy security has been provided. The numerical values and data sources of Ukraine's energy security indices have been presented.Keywords: energy security, indicative analysis, threats, prediction, fuel and energy resources, modeling, assessment of the energy security level.JEL Classifications: O11; P28; R11; Q43DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.7679

Subject. The article considers issues of energy security in Russia. Objectives. The aim is to compare Russia with other countries in terms of energy security. Methods. To calculate the level of energy security, we applied the fuzzy logic method, enabling to evaluate both qualitative and quantitative variables. Results. The study revealed that the level of energy security of Russia is 0.557. This indicator is between the subset of "energy security level above average" and the subset of "average energy security level". In general, the level of energy security in the countries with the highest index of sustainable development is above average. Among the countries with the highest index of sustainable development, according to the results of 2019, Denmark has the highest level of energy security. Conclusions. The level of energy security of Russia turned out to be lower as contrasted with the studied countries. It is important to develop recommendations for improving the level of energy security based on foreign experience.

Energy security is considered as an important driving force for sustaining socio-economic growth of any nation. The Mediterranean countries (particularly MedRing countries) are witnessing a steady economic growth backed with a relative political stability and improvement of living standards. Moreover, an enormous potential in terms of fossil and renewable energies is still not fully explored in this region. Hence, the establishment of an integrated regional approach for managing the energy sector will most likely enhance energy security and regional cooperation between MedRing countries following the ultimate goal of answering the growing energy demand in the upcoming decades. The aim of this study is to (1) evaluate the levels of energy security in those countries using four selected indicators and (2) highlight their orientations towards the deployment of renewable energy as an important pillar for ensuring the security of the energy systems in these countries. The results showed that the MedRing countries are highly dependent on imported fossil fuels (except for exporting countries such as Algeria, Libya, and Egypt), and thus, the major share of their CO2 emissions are resulting from the energy sector. On the other hand, renewable and nuclear energies seem to be the ideal alternatives for enhancing energy security and creating mutual benefits for the two shores of the Mediterranean basin.

The role of the European Union (EU) in ensuring Ukraine’s energy security in the conditions of modern geopolitical challenges is studied. Since the onset of Russia’s full-scale aggression against Ukraine, the country’s energy infrastructure has suffered significant damage, leading to an energy supply crisis. In such conditions, cooperation with the EU is critically important for the restoration and stabilization of Ukraine’s energy sector. The key directions and mechanisms of cooperation between Ukraine and the EU in the field of energy security, including the provision of financial assistance, technical support, as well as the implementation of joint projects in the field of renewable energy and energy efficiency, were considered. Special attention is given to the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) until 2030, developed with EU support and serving as a crucial component of Ukraine’s energy security strategy. The article also analyzes the impact of the implementation of the EU Clean Energy Package on Ukraine’s regulatory environment, promoting predictable conditions for investors and facilitating Ukraine’s integration into the European energy market. The role of market incentives in attracting investments in renewable energy sources and their impact on Ukraine’s energy security is examined. he impact of the implementation of the EU Clean Energy Package on the regulatory and legal environment of Ukraine is analyzed, which contributes to the creation of predictable conditions for investors and ensures the integration of Ukraine into the European energy market. The significant role of international cooperation and the role of international financial institutions in providing the necessary funding for the implementation of the NECP is also discussed. Particular attention is given to the potential of Ukraine’s renewable energy sector, including opportunities for expanding wind, solar, biomass, and hydropower capacities. The implementation of distributed generation, energy storage systems, and microgrids, which contribute to enhancing energy independence and resilience at the community level, is also considered. Conclusions were made about the need for further close cooperation between Ukraine and the EU to ensure Ukraine’s energy security, as well as Ukraine’s prospects for becoming a leader in the field of renewable energy in the region. The article provides recommendations on priority areas for the development of the energy sector and measures that will strengthen Ukraine’s energy security in the context of European integration.

The energy sector of Ukraine is a key element of economic development, national security and international competitiveness of the state. In the context of global energy transformations, Ukraine's integration into the European energy market and the need to restore critical infrastructure after the devastating consequences of the war, the problem of infrastructural development of energy is becoming especially relevant. The article is aimed at highlighting the results of the study of the theoretical and analytical foundations of the infrastructural development of the energy sector of Ukraine under martial law. Methods used in the study: detailing and generalization, grouping, systematization, indicator, tabular method, etc. The hypothesis of the study was the assumption that based on the results of the study of the theoretical and analytical foundations of the infrastructure development of the energy sector of Ukraine, the differences inherent in the conditions of martial law will be identified. Summary of the main material: the energy sector in the national economy of Ukraine plays a strategic role and is of security importance, and the main task of the Energy Security Strategy is the successful integration of Ukraine into the EU, the synchronization of Ukraine's energy systems and markets with European ones and their sustainable development. The classification of energy sector enterprises as critical infrastructure is of fundamental importance from the point of view of the national economy, but generalizationtheoretical approaches to the essence of critical (energy) infrastructure indicates an ambiguous interpretation of this definition. The article expands the system of indicators for assessing the consequences of the impact of modern threats on the functioning of the critical infrastructure of the energy sector of Ukraine by adding another one - the level of energy security. in the context of analytical support for the infrastructure development of the energy sector, the use of the Energy Transparency Index, which was introduced in Ukraine for a comprehensive assessment of the availability and quality of information in the energy sector, deserves attention. The system of indicators for assessing the infrastructural development of the energy sector of Ukraine has been supplemented by another indicator - the level of shadow consumption of energy sources. The originality and practical significance of the study lies in the justification of the expediency of using indicators and indicators that reflect the features of the infrastructural development of the energy sector of Ukraine under martial law. Conclusions. The infrastructural development of the energy sector of Ukraine under martial law has fundamental differences from the development in peacetime, as it acquires existential importance. Further research consists in the development of mechanisms for adapting critical energy infrastructure to the conditions of the war and post-war period, the introduction of the best international practices in reforming the energy infrastructure of Ukraine, and the assessment of the economic feasibility of introducing new technologies in the field of renewable energy.

Problem setting. Sustainable development of the energy sector has a direct impact on improving the quality of life of the population, that is achieved through ensuring access to clean and reliable energy sources. In the context of sustainable development, legal regulation of energy relations should become an effective tool for overcoming current challenges and forming a sustainable, independent and environmentally safe energy system of Ukraine. Only with a comprehensive approach to updating legislation can it be possible to ensure the harmonious development of the energy sector, that will meet modern requirements. Therefore, in conditions of martial law and post-war reconstruction, ensuring sustainable development of the energy complex is of crucial importance for the restoration of the national economy. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The problems of legal support for sustainable development of the energy system and its components have been studied by many scientists. Thus, scientists V. S. Khomyn, V. L. Bredikhina, I. A. Kantsir studied the security and environmental challenges of the prospects for sustainable development of the economy of Ukraine in the context of energy transition. The results of this study proved the need for energy transition as the main factor in ensuring energy security of Ukraine and achieving sustainable economic development, which is due to the strategic aspiration of our country to integrate into the EU. O. V. Rozghon was conducted eco-innovation as a determining factor in achieving sustainable development goals in the automotive sector, the conducted research allowed us to conclude that eco-innovation as a determining factor in achieving sustainable development goals in the automotive sector is a means of implementing the principles of a closed-loop economy, that are built on minimizing waste from electric vehicle production, supporting resource-saving and environmentally friendly production, restoring resources, and reducing the negative impact on the environment. V. O. Timashov considered the importance of legal regulation of the development of renewable energy in the context of martial law in Ukraine and analyzed the impact of the war period on the country's energy security. The author also investigated the main aspects of legal regulation of renewable energy in the context of martial law, in particular legislative initiatives aimed at supporting the development of alternative energy sources during crisis situations. Article’s main body. It should be agreed that the basic priority direction of implementing state policy within the framework of the country's investment and innovative development is the application or strengthening of the intellectual component, digitalization of economic processes, reduction of resource costs, including material, energy and human, implementation of the investment and innovation potential of economic recovery and growth in the national macroeconomic environment. Taking into account the main areas of prioritization, the development of the energy sector serves as the starting point for ensuring the sustainable development of the national economy of Ukraine. The Energy Security Strategy, that was developed to ensure the balance of the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development of Ukraine, meets the goals of sustainable development defined by the Decree of the President of Ukraine dated September 30, 2019. No. 722 «On the Sustainable Development Goals of Ukraine for the period up to 2030», determines that energy security is inextricably linked to the success of European integration, synchronization of energy systems and markets with European ones and sustainable development of the sector. At the same time, the Energy Security Strategy identifies threats to energy security at the national level (in particular, to the sustainable development of the fuel and energy complex). In response to the challenges of war and energy destabilization, the Ukrainian government approved a new Energy Strategy of Ukraine until 2050, which sets a course for achieving climate neutrality, abandoning imports of Russian energy carriers, and transitioning to sustainable, decentralized energy based on renewable energy sources. However, problematic issues in the functioning of the energy system confirm the presence of real threats to the functioning of the fuel and energy complex, and in addition, martial law conditions exacerbate existing problems and distort new challenges that have negative consequences. Conclusions and prospects for the development. Based on the research conducted, it should be determined that currently the main areas of ensuring sustainable development of the energy system of Ukraine should be ensuring proper legal regulation of the energy sector and effective implementation of priority areas of science and technology and innovation activities, activating European integration processes, developing and renewing energy infrastructure, and ensuring innovative development of leading energy sectors.

The monograph is devoted to the analysis of urgent problems of the Ukrainian economy in the context of globalization. The concept of the polarization of the economic space to the modern development of the region is proposed. The resource base of the energy market of Ukraine is considered: its reserves, production and consumption. The forecast of the need for fuel and energy resources of Ukraine is carried out and the need for their rational use as the basis for sustainable economic development and strengthening the country's energy security is substantiated. The market mechanisms for the development of the energy market of Ukraine are proposed. The pricing and tariff policies of the domestic and world energy markets are considered. The problems of the occurrence of energy poverty in the regions of Ukraine are investigated and scenario planning of sustainable development of the regions of Ukraine in the context of the quality and safety of people's lives is carried out. The advantages of forming a single European energy space are assessed and the level of energy security of Ukraine in the context of its regions is determined. Based on the concept of spatial polarization, strategic measures are proposed for regulating economic processes in the energy market in order to increase the level of energy security in Ukraine. The monograph is intended for scientists, specialists of enterprises and representatives of government bodies involved in improving the current state of the energy sector of the Ukrainian economy in order to ensure its long-term development, as well as for all those interested in research on the sustainable development of the regions in the context of improving the quality and safety of people's lives.

Energy security and sustainable energy policy in Bangladesh: From the lens of 4As framework

In modern conditions, each state strives to ensure its economic security, thereby trying to create the necessary conditions for stability and sustainable development. In recent years, the country’s energy security, which is a key component of economic security, has become increasingly important. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that in modern socio-economic conditions of the country’s development it is necessary to develop the energy sector, promptly identify and neutralize existing and emerging threats to Russia’s energy security, which contributes to a gradual transition to a green economic course. The purpose of the work is to study the theoretical aspects of energy security, study its current state in the Russian Federation, as well as develop measures to facilitate the transition to a green economic course. When conducting the research, methods such as the dialectical method of cognition, monographic research, horizontal and vertical analysis, statistical methods, the method of comparing and summarizing information, as well as the method of tabular presentation of information were used. Russia’s energy security is gradually developing, as evidenced by the increase in some indicators and the decrease in others, while there is a need for further development and additional government regulation in order to achieve a higher level of energy security. Reorientation of the energy sector to the use of renewable energy sources is an important strategic task for Russia. Increasing the capacity of generating facilities that operate on the basis of renewable energy sources helps improve the quality of energy supply to the population, reduce environmental pollution and increase the level of energy security. The authors studied the theoretical aspects of energy security. An assessment of the current and future state of energy security in the country was carried out. A conclusion is made about the need for structural changes in the energy sector in order to achieve planned energy security indicators.