Entropy generation in a heat exchanger working with a biological nanofluid considering heterogeneous particle distribution

Abstract

Entropy generation rates considering particle migration are evaluated for a biologically produced nanofluid flow in a mini double-pipe heat exchanger. The nanofluid is used in tube side and hot water flows in annulus side. Silver nanoparticles synthesized through plant extract method from green tea leaves are utilized. Particle migration causes non-uniform concentration distribution, and non-uniformity intensifies by increase in Reynolds number and concentration. The results indicate that at high concentrations and Reynolds numbers, particle migration can have a great effect on entropy generation rates. For water inlet temperature of 308K, the contribution of friction in nanofluid entropy generation is much more than that of heat transfer. However, as the water inlet temperature increases to 360K, the heat transfer contribution increases such that at low Reynolds numbers, the thermal contribution exceeds the frictional one. For total heat exchanger, Bejan number is smaller than 0.2 at water inlet temperature of 308K, while Bejan number has a large value at water inlet temperature of 360K. Furthermore, entropy generation at the wall has an insignificant contribution, such that for Re=1000 and φm=1%, the total entropy generation rates for the nanofluid, wall, and water are 0.098810, 0.000133, and 0.041851W/K, respectively.