Ensuring a unified and cross-cultural nursing language system: the challenge faced by nursing terminology development

Abstract

Marcia Regina Cubas1 Developing standardized nursing terminologies demands commitment from peers and a collective effort. The universal use of these terminologies is fully justified given the diversity of practices and cultural contexts, both nationally, in a heterogeneous country like Brazil, and internationally. Unified terminologies are formed in distinct cultures and should encompass all contexts. Indeed, this was the ambitious plan of the International Council of Nurses, the organization responsible for the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP®). The consensus on the naming of terms and defining their meaning is determined by nursing professional development specialties, which are influenced by culture, the organization of a society, and by the hegemonic model of health care. The use of unified terminology should consider culture, social organization, medical practices and the particularities of the professionals that use these technical terms(1). As with other terminologies, the source language of the set of terms and meanings contained in the ICNP® is English. Language is a system which represents the words and rules understood by a given linguistic community during the communication process. When the classification is used in countries whose official language is not the source language, it is necessary to carry out a translation and cultural adaptation of the terms. This is not any easy task and is not always a participatory process. Numerous terms used in nursing are common to all contexts and professional domains and do not raise doubts. These common terms do not raise doubts when submitted to the translation procedure. When the terminology includes a word related to a part of the body, such as the arm, the term is named, represented and understood as part of the upper limb in all cultures and professional contexts, meaning that the cross-cultural adaption of this term, as well as detailing its definition, is unnecessary; suffice it to say that the arm is a body region. However, this logic does not apply to other sets of terms. For example, in countries that share the same language, such as Brazil and Portugal, a single translation from English to Portuguese may not contemplate the differences in meaning that arise from the historical transformation of the language and culture. Cross-cultural adaption is therefore necessary because the historicity and particular cultural roots of each country result in different forms of understanding and acceptance of the proposed terms, which invariably are not translated and understood in the same way. Phenomena that are strongly influenced by culture and the organization of social groups are immersed in complexity. Studies of the applicability of the terminological subsets of ICNP® for the palliative care for a dignified death corroborate this fact(2-4). Standardizing nursing interventions before death may not take into account cultures such as that of Thailand, where Buddhism is the religion of almost the entire population. Here, death is a welcome phenomenon and nurses have the task of promoting family discussion and encouraging family members to say goodbye(2).