Abstract
AbstractSeveral previous studies have examined the traceable regional impacts of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on groundwater level (GWL) but it remains a question whether the ENSO impacts on groundwater can be established in smaller basins using statistical techniques. The present study attempts to record the ENSO impacts on the groundwater availability in Venna basin, Maharashtra by proposing a combination of statistical and spatial analysis. Utilizing the GWL, the study estimates the spatial variability of GWL, groundwater anomalies, groundwater recharge and discharge using geographic information system (GIS) and quantitative variations in groundwater using statistical techniques. The study also highlights the applicability of the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test in hydrometeorological studies. Analyses reveal the association of deeper GWLs and higher discharge with the El Niño, as opposed to shallower GWLs and higher recharge with La Niña. The two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test confirms the discrepancy in the cumulative distribution of GWL between different ENSO phases. Mann–Kendall, Sen slope and Mann–Whitney tests ascertain the variation of GWL and recharge as well as ENSO impacts in the command area (area irrigated by reservoir using the canal networks) and non-command areas. A significant difference in recharge between El Niño and La Niña is observed in the command as well as in the non-command areas.
Highlights
In recent decades, interannual climate variability such as El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has become one of the major concerns for agriculturists and water resource managers globally
The main source of aquifer recharge is the regional rainfall and the fluctuation of rainfall with ENSO events has an impact on the regional groundwater as well
The groundwater levels (GWL) anomaly maps indicates that positive and negative anomalies are associated with the El Niño and La Niña phases, respectively
Summary
Interannual climate variability such as El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has become one of the major concerns for agriculturists and water resource managers globally. Imprints of ENSO on regional monsoon, groundwater levels (GWL), streamflow, droughts, flood frequency, vegetation spread, crop growth and crop yield have been confirmed by many researchers in different parts of the world (Chiew et al ; Legler et al ; Peters et al ; Shao et al ), including India (Kulkarni ; Rishma & Katpatal a, b). The changes in temperature and precipitation may alter the groundwater recharge and result in shifts of the regional water tables.
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