Ensemble observability of Bloch equations with unknown population density

Abstract

We introduce in the paper a novel observability problem for a large population (in the limit, a continuum ensemble) of nonholonomic control systems with unknown population density. We address the problem by focussing on a prototype, namely, the ensemble of Bloch equations which is known for its use of describing the evolution of the bulk magnetization of a collective of non-interacting nuclear spins in a static field modulated by a radio frequency (rf) field. The dynamics of the equations are structurally identical, but show variations in Larmor dispersion and rf inhomogeneity. We assume that the initial state of any individual system (i.e., individual Bloch equation) is unknown and, moreover, the population density of these individual systems is also unknown. Furthermore, we assume that at any time, there is only one scalar measurement output at our disposal. The measurement output integrates a certain observation function, common to all individual systems, over the continuum ensemble. The observability problem we pose in the paper is thus the following: Whether one is able to use the common control input (i.e., the rf field) and the single measurement output to estimate both the initial states of the individual systems and the population density? Amongst other things, we establish a sufficient condition for the ensemble system to be observable: We show that if the common observation function is any harmonic homogeneous polynomial of positive degree, then the ensemble system is observable. The proof of the result utilizes tools from representation theory of Lie algebras. Although the results established in the paper are for the specific ensemble of Bloch equations, the approach developed along the analysis can be generalized to investigate observability of other ensemble systems with single, integrated measurement outputs.