Abstract
Scaffolds supplemented with naturally derived materials seem to be a good choice in bone tissue engineering. This study aims to develop polyurethane (PU) nanofibers added with ylang ylang (YY) and zinc nitrate (ZnNO3) using the electrospinning method. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images showed that the diameter of the PU nanofibers (869 ± 122 nm) was reduced with the addition of YY and ZnNO3 (PU/YY—467 ± 132 nm and PU/YY/ZnNO3—290 ± 163 nm). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), a thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and an X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the interactions between PU with YY and ZnNO3. In addition, a thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) study revealed the improved thermal stability for PU/YY and a slight reduction in the thermal stability for PU/YY/ZnNO3. A tensile test indicated that the addition of YY and ZnNO3 (PU/YY—12.32 MPa and PU/YY/ZnNO3—14.90 MPa) improved the mechanical properties of the pristine PU (6.83 MPa). The electrospun PU/YY (524 nm) and PU/YY/ZnNO3 (284 nm) showed a reduced surface roughness when compared with the pristine PU (776 nm) as depicted in the atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis. The addition of YY and ZnNO3 improved the anticoagulant and biocompatibility nature of the pristine PU. Furthermore, the bone mineralization study depicted the improved calcium deposition in the fabricated composites (PU/YY—7.919% and PU/YY/ZnNO3—10.150%) compared to the pristine PU (5.323%). Hence, the developed composites with desirable physico-chemical properties, biocompatibility and calcium deposition can serve as plausible candidates for bone tissue engineering.
Highlights
In bone tissue engineering, artificial bone scaffolds are used to support the remodeling of the bone defects
The developed composites with desirable physico-chemical properties, biocompatibility and calcium deposition can serve as plausible candidates for bone tissue engineering
This study aims to electrospun and test the bone scaffold based on polyurethane added with ylang ylang (YY) and ZnNO3
Summary
Artificial bone scaffolds are used to support the remodeling of the bone defects. The scaffolds play a vital role in Polymers 2019, 11, 1323; doi:10.3390/polym11081323 www.mdpi.com/journal/polymers. An ideal scaffold for the bone substitute should be able to resemble the biological and mechanical properties of natural bone tissue [3]. Polymeric scaffold ranging from natural to synthetic has received huge attention in bone tissue engineering, owing to their biocompatibility and biodegradability [4]. Bone tissue engineering is comprised of three components, namely (1) cells (2) scaffolds and (3) growth factors. The scaffold, an important component, is a three-dimensional (3D) structure that can support cell adhesion and proliferation for new tissue growth [5].
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