Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stromal cells with multilineage differentiation potential and immunomodulatory properties. They can be isolated relatively easily from several tissues, including bone marrow and adipose tissue and can be expanded ex vivo to yield the large numbers required for a therapeutic dose. As such, MSCs are considered a promising cell source that can be used in cellular therapy for a wide range of diseases, including bone and cartilage defects. However, despite the huge number of clinical trials utilising MSCs, their clinical application has yielded variable results, often attributable to different donor sources and expansion protocols. The objective of this concise review is to summarize recent developments regarding tissue source of MSCs, use of phenotypic markers for MSC selection, as well as potential in vitro modifications that may be stratified and applied to enhance the potency of MSCs for clinical use in regenerative medicine.
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