Enhancing Smart City Energy Efficiency with Ground Source Heat Pump Systems and Integrated Energy Piles

Abstract

This review examines the integration of ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems with energy piles as a sustainable approach to improving energy efficiency in smart cities. Energy piles, which combine structural support with geothermal heat exchange, offer significant advantages over conventional air source heat pumps (ASHPs) by using stable ground temperatures for more efficient heating and cooling. System efficiency can be improved by integrating hybrid systems, cooling towers, and solar thermal systems. While the initial investment for GSHP systems is higher, their integration with energy piles significantly reduces electricity consumption and operating costs, providing a compelling solution for regions with high energy demand and escalating energy prices. Government financial incentives, including subsidies, loans, and tax rebates, can reduce payback periods to less than 10 years, encouraging the adoption of energy piles and GSHP systems. The paper analyzes heat transfer mechanisms in energy piles, particularly the role of groundwater circulation in improving heat dissipation and overall system performance. It also discusses optimized design considerations, performance metrics, and economics, highlighting the critical role of site-specific conditions from thorough site surveys and strategic planning of adaptive management to adjust system operations based on real-time demand in optimizing the benefits of geothermal energy systems. This review serves as a comprehensive guide for engineers and researchers in the effective application of energy piles within urban infrastructure, thereby supporting sustainable urban development and mitigating the urban heat island effect.