Abstract

Urban centers in the 21st century face significant challenges impacting future urban living. The numerous indicators and inherent complexity involved in assessing urban performance in smart cities necessitate the application of multi-criteria evaluation methods, which are frequently associated with fuzziness and uncertainties. Thus, this study introduces an innovative decision support approach that integrates complex spherical fuzzy set to enhance decision-making for smart city evaluation. By incorporating a consensus measurement mechanism for judgments, the reliability of results is improved. The methodology assesses smart city performance by calculating a level index using criteria of resilience, sustainability, and urban livability, along with eighteen sub-criteria for comprehensive benchmarking. Results highlight pollution control, energy and environmental resources, community well-being, eco-friendly transport, and social cohesion as critical factors for smart city performance. Singapore demonstrates high-level performance due to its integration of advanced technologies and community-focused strategies. The evaluated results obtained via the developed approach offer valuable insights for urban planners aiming to promote sustainable, resilient, and livable urban development.

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