Abstract
Cosmos caudatus (C. caudatus) is a medicinal plant that is high in bioactive compounds such as phenolics. In this study, an ultrasound extraction method was used to optimise the extraction of bioactive compounds from C. caudatus leaves. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a Box-Behnken design (BBD) was applied to obtain the optimum extraction parameters which is solid–liquid ratio (10–30 g/mL), particle size (180–850 µm) and extraction time (20–30 min) for maximal quercitrin and total phenolic content (TPC) yields. Analysis of antimicrobial activity was performed against two human pathogenic microbes: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) by the agar well diffusion method. The optimal ultrasonic extraction condition was as follow: solvent-liquid ratio of 1:28 (g/mL), particle size of 485 µm, and duration of 30 min, respectively. Remarkably, extraction using ultrasonic method had recovered more bioactive content and antioxidant activity than the Soxhlet method. The extract also exhibited good antimicrobial activities. Due to the above findings, the ultrasonic extraction was found to be suitable to improve recovery extraction of quercitrin and TPC from C. caudatus leaves. It also opens the possibility that the plant extract can be used for functional food and antimicrobial agents in various applications.
Highlights
Cosmos caudatus (C. caudatus) is a medicinal plant that is high in bioactive compounds such as phenolics
This study is perhaps the first to report on the use of the ultrasonic extraction method for the extraction and separation of quercitrin and total phenolic content (TPC) from C. caudatus leaves
The ultrasonic extraction method has been proven to increase the yield of the extracted components and to have additional advantages such as shorter time, lower solvent amount, and low operational cost over the Soxhlet extraction method
Summary
Cosmos caudatus (C. caudatus) is a medicinal plant that is high in bioactive compounds such as phenolics. The plant is rich in vitamins (B1, B2, C and β-carotene), minerals (potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, sodium and copper) and is low in calories[1,12] Phytochemical studies on this plant described various bioactive compounds such as quercetin derivatives (quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-rutinoside, quercetin glucoside), phenolics, ascorbic acid, proanthocyanins, and catechin[13,14,15,16]. Ultrasound-assisted extraction, either using the ultrasonic bath or ultrasonic probe devices, could be the alternative and promising green extraction technology among the established methods[22,23,24] It provides a faster, simpler operation method, has high reproducibility, and it is suitable for thermo-labile compounds[25,26,27].
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