Enhancing malaria control using Lagenaria siceraria and its mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles against the vector Anopheles stephensi and its parasite Plasmodium falciparum

V N Kalpana,V Devi Rajeswari,Khaloud Mohammed Alarjani

doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77854-w

V N Kalpana, V Devi Rajeswari + Show 1 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77854-w

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Abstract

In many developing countries, there are certain health problems faced by the public, one among them is Malaria. This tropical disease is mainly caused by Plasmodium falciparum. It is categorized as a disaster to public health, which increases both mortality and morbidity. Numerous drugs are in practice to control this disease and their vectors. Eco-friendly control tools are required to battle against vector of this significant disease. Nanotechnology plays a major role in fighting against malaria. The present paper synthesized Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using zinc nitrate via simple green routes with the help of aqueous peel extract of Lagenaria siceraria (L. siceraria). The synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized by various biophysical methods. Moreover, the extract of L. siceraria and their mediated ZnO NPs was experimented against III instar larvae of An. stephensi. The impact of the treatment based on ZnO NPs concerning histology and morphology of mosquito larval was further observed. In the normal laboratory environment, the efficiency of predation of Poeciliareticulata (P. reticulata) against An. Stephensi larvae was found to be 44%, whereas in aqueous L. siceraria extract and its mediated ZnO NPs contaminated environment, P. reticulate showed predation efficiency of about 45.8% and 61.13% against An. Stephensi larva. L. siceraria synthesized ZnO NPs were examined against the Plasmodium falciparum CQ-sensitive strains. The L. siceraria extract and its mediated ZnO NPs showed the cytotoxic effects against HeLa cell lines with an IC50 value of 62.5 µg/mL. This study concludes that L. siceraria peel extract and L. siceraria synthesized ZnO NPs represent a valuable green option to fight against malarial vectors and parasites.

Highlights

The major prevailing and significant protozoan tropical disease is Malaria
With the help of low-cost standard assay method Malaria SYBR Green I based fluorescence (MSF), the antiplasmodial activity of aqueous extract of L. siceraria and its mediated Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was assessed against chloroquine-sensitive 3D7 strains of Plasmodium falciparum
Subramaniam et al.[62] documented that Ag NPs synthesized from the aqueous leaf extract of Mimusopselengi were highly effective against larvae and pupae of the malaria vector An

Summary

Introduction

The major prevailing and significant protozoan tropical disease is Malaria. almost a century of attempts was taken to exterminate Malaria, which remains as a definite target, with reports of million clinical cases widespread every year threatening the life of more than 3 billion p eople[1,2]. An. StephensiIII instar larvae were left in a glass beaker for 24 h containing 250 mL of dechlorinated water along with aqueous L. siceraria extract (80, 160, 240, 320 and 400 ppm) and its mediated ZnO NPs (30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 ppm). With the help of low-cost standard assay method Malaria SYBR Green I based fluorescence (MSF), the antiplasmodial activity of aqueous extract of L. siceraria and its mediated ZnO NPs was assessed against chloroquine-sensitive 3D7 strains of Plasmodium falciparum.

Results

Conclusion