Abstract
To explore the combined effects of environmental radio-frequency (RF) field and X-ray, mouse spermatocyte-derived (GC-1) cells were exposed to 1950 MHz RF field at specific absorption rate (SAR) of 3 W/kg for 24 h combined with or without X-ray irradiation at 6 Gy. After treatment, the cell proliferation level was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) Assay and 5-Bromo-2-deoxy Uridine (BrdU) enzyme linked immunosorbent (ELISA) Assay. The apoptosis level was detected by annexin V flow cytometry assay, transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) Assay and Caspase-3 Activity Assay. It was found that the proliferation and apoptosis level did not change in GC-1 cells after RF exposure alone. However, compared with the X-ray group, the proliferation level significantly decreased and the apoptotic rate significantly increased in the RF+X-ray group. Moreover, a significant decrease in Bcl-2 protein expression and increase in Bax protein expression were observed. The findings suggested that RF exposure at SAR of 3 W/kg did not affect apoptosis and proliferation in GC-1 cells by itself, but that it did enhance the effects of X-ray induced proliferation inhibition and apoptosis, in which B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) might be involved.
Highlights
In recent years, the mobile phone has become one of the most indispensable communication tools.people are exposed to a complex environment of mobile phone-based radio-frequency (RF)field either with or without other radiation, for example X-ray
Cell Proliferation of GC-1 Cells after Exposure to RF and/or X-ray Determined by MTT Assay
The cell proliferation level was significantly reduced in the X-ray group at
Summary
The mobile phone has become one of the most indispensable communication tools.people are exposed to a complex environment of mobile phone-based radio-frequency (RF)field either with or without other radiation, for example X-ray. The mobile phone has become one of the most indispensable communication tools. People are exposed to a complex environment of mobile phone-based radio-frequency (RF). Field either with or without other radiation, for example X-ray. An association between mobile phone-based RF field and male reproduction has been suggested because of the gradually increased incidence of infertility among men using mobile phones [1,2]. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 616; doi:10.3390/ijerph14060616 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
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