Abstract
Novel and sustainable chitosan (CS)/activated charcoal (AC) composites were prepared by cross-linking with epichlorohydrin (ECH) to form a porous structure. Different titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TiO2 NPs) concentrations (0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8% w/w) were added to enhance the photocatalytic, antibacterial, larvicidal, and pupicidal activities' efficiency toward Rose Bengal (RB) dye and the Culex pipiens. The composites were characterized by FT-IR, XRD,XPS, BET and SEM. The SEM images revealed the porous structure of CS/AC and TiO2 nanoparticles were uniformly distributed in the CS/AC matrix. The degradation of RB dye was used to test the photocatalytic behavior of the composites. Supporting TiO2 on a CS/AC matrix resulted in a significant increase in photocatalytic performance. The antibacterial activities supported by CS/AC/TiO2 NPs were evaluated by bacterial growth inhibition against B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa. The results showed that CS/AC/TiO2 NPs composite has an inhibitory effect and therefore considered antibacterial agents. CS/AC/0.4%TiO2 NPs showed maximum efficacy against larvicidal activity and pupicidal of mosquito vector which recorded 99.00 ± 1.14, 95.00 ± 1.43, and 92.20 ± 2.64 for the first, second, and third larval instars and 66.00 ± 2.39 for pupal mortality, while the repellent activity reported high protection at 82.95 ± 2.99 with 3.24mg/cm2 dose compared to control DEET.
Highlights
Chitosan (CS) is a linear heteropolysaccharide consisting of n-acetylglucosamine and 1,4-β- glucosamine, which derived from the deacetylation of chitin (Aragunde et al 2018)
TiO2 is an inert, nontoxic, chemically stable, biocompatible, and cheap material having been approved as safe for use in food and materials in contact with food by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) TiO2 is a nontoxic, chemically stable, biocompatible, and inexpensive substance that has been licenced by the Food and Drug Administration for the safe use in food and products that come into contact with food (FDA) (Zhou et al 2009; Othman et al 2014; El-Wakil et al 2015; Zhang et al 2017)
The functional groups of CS/activated charcoal (AC) and CS/AC/TiO2 spectrum were determined using Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis which revealed the following characteristic peaks in figure 2: The bands from 3300-3450cm−1(stretching vibrations of –OH and –NH2 bonds), which may be due to electrostatic interaction with N-H-O-Ti
Summary
Chitosan (CS) is a linear heteropolysaccharide consisting of n-acetylglucosamine and 1,4-β- glucosamine, which derived from the deacetylation of chitin (Aragunde et al 2018). The use of CS as an adsorbent in wastewater treatment technologies is still limited due to its high solubility in an acidic medium, filtration ability, poor mechanical properties, and swelling of the aqueous medium. Due to its high solubility in an acidic medium, filtration efficiency, poor mechanical properties, and swelling of the aqueous medium, the use of CS as an adsorbent in wastewater treatment technologies is still limited. AC particles have been encapsulated in a polymeric support, predominantly CS, to overcome these drawbacks The use of this biological macromolecule produces composites with lower costs, better mechanical properties, and a higher number of functional groups (Afzal et al 2018). The photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanoparticles is higher than that of bulk TiO2 particles due to its high surface area to volume ratio. The aim of this study was to produce crosslinked CS/AC/ by ECH and incorporated with different concentrations of TiO2 NPs as a suitable candidate for the removal of anionic dyes, such as rose bengal (RB) dye, assess its photodegradation properties and to evaluate the biological activities of the composites
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