Enhancement of Oil Palm Waste Nanoparticles on the Properties and Characterization of Hybrid Plywood Biocomposites.

Arif Nuryawan,Hasmawi Khalid,Esam Yahya,N Olaiya,Nanang Masruchin,Che Hazwan,Iwan Risnasari,C Abdullah,M Baharudin,H Abdul Khalil

doi:10.3390/polym12051007

Arif Nuryawan, Hasmawi Khalid + Show 8 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12051007

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Abstract

Using oil palm trunk (OPT) layered with empty fruit bunch (EFB), so-called hybrid plywood enhanced with palm oil ash nanoparticles, with phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin as a binder, was produced in this study. The phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins filled with different loading of oil palm ash (OPA) nanoparticles were prepared and used as glue for layers of the oil palm trunk (OPT) veneer and empty fruit bunch fibre mat. The resulting hybrid plywood produced was characterised. The physical, mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of the hybrid plywood panels were investigated. The results obtained showed that the presence of OPA nanoparticles significantly affected the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the plywood panels. Significant improvements in dimension from water absorption and thickness swelling experiments were obtained for the plywood panels with the highest OPA nanoparticles loading in PF resin. The mechanical properties indicated that plywood composites showed improvement in flexural, shear, and impact properties until a certain loading of OPA nanoparticles in PF resin. Fracture surface morphology also showed the effectiveness of OPA nanoparticles in the reduction of layer breakage due to force and stress distribution. The thermal stability performance showed that PF filled OPA nanoparticles contributed to the thermal stability of the plywood panels. Therefore, the results obtained in this study showed that OPA nanoparticles certainly improved the characteristic of the hybrid plywood.

Highlights

Biocomposites are defined as composites materials that consist of biodegradable matrix and biodegradable lignocellulosic fibre such as oil palm biomass, rice husk, coconut fibre, kenaf, and so on as reinforcement
The flexural strength of plywood veneer (PWV) slowly increased as the PF resin-filled oil palm ash (OPA) nanoparticle loading increased from 1% to 2%
There was an initial increase of modulus of elasticity and decreased with increasing of PF resin-filled OPA nanoparticles loading more than 2%

Summary

Introduction

Biocomposites are defined as composites materials that consist of biodegradable matrix and biodegradable lignocellulosic fibre such as oil palm biomass, rice husk, coconut fibre, kenaf, and so on as reinforcement. Due to the continuous depletion of bioresources and environmental deterioration, tremendous interest has been drawn to utilize other renewable and sustainable materials [1]. The development of biocomposites with new features and functions has attracted significant attention due to their benefits in environmental and performance properties. Polymers 2020, 12, 1007 developments by Fu et al [2] in polymer chemistry and nanotechnology reported that the fabrication of hybrid wood materials has great potential for engineering purposes. Useful functionalization approaches for designing biocomposite applications inspired by wood-based materials have made it possible to be used in a structural and non-structural application. A structural biocomposite can be defined as a product that can carry and hold a load in use

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