Enhancement of Machining Performance of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Though Nanoparticle-Based Minimum Quantity Lubrication: Insights into Surface Roughness, Material Removal Rate, Temperature, and Tool Wear

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In competitive industry, economical and environmentally friendly production techniques are essential. In this sense, cleaner and more sustainable machining techniques are the industry’s focus. In addition to green methods, effective parametric control is necessary for hard-to-cut materials, particularly titanium Ti-6Al-4V, which is extensively used in a diversity of industries, including aerospace, medical, and military applications. Therefore, the current study aims to improve the machining performance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy using sustainable lubrication conditions. The effect of Al2O3 nanoparticles based on the minimum quantity lubrication (N-MQL) condition on surface quality and productivity are compared with minimum quantity lubrication (MQL). The performance measures, including surface roughness (Ra), material removal rate (MRR), and temperature, are evaluated at three machining variables, i.e., cutting speed (Vc), feed rate (f), and depth of cut (ap). These performance measures are further assessed by tool wear and surface morphology analysis. ap, f, and Vc are the most influencing parameters for Ra, MRR, and temperature, regardless of lubrication mode. The optimized values of RA of 0.728443 µm, MRR of 2443.77 m3/min, and temperature of 337 °C are achieved at N-MQL. For the N-MQL state, the optimized values of Ra of 0.55 µm, MRR of 2579.5 m3/min, and temperature of 323.554 °C are attained through a multi-response optimization desirability approach. Surface morphology analysis reveals a smooth machined surface with no obvious surface flaws, such as feed marks and adhesion, under N-MQL conditions, which significantly enhances the surface finish of the parts. The machining performance under the N-MQL condition has been enhanced considerably in terms of an improvements in surface finish of 32.96% and MRR of 11.56%, along with a decrease in temperature (17.22%) and higher tool life (326 s) than MQL. Furthermore, Al2O3 is advised over MQL because it uses less energy and has reduced tool wear and improved surface quality, and it is a cost-effective and sustainable fluid.