Enhancement of GAD Storage Stability with Immobilization on PDA-Coated Superparamagnetic Magnetite Nanoparticles

Farheen Zafar,Chang-Jiang Lv,Chun-Yan Liu,Jun Huang,Muhammad-Haseeb Ullah,Yu-Jiao Hua,Hong-Peng Wang,Le-He Mei

doi:10.3390/catal9110969

Abstract

To improve the storage stability of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), superparamagnetic magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipitation method and coated with polydopamine (PDA) for GAD immobilization. Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy were used to determine size of the nanoparticles, which were approximately 10 nm, increasing to 15 nm after PDA-coating and to 20 nm upon GAD binding. Vibrational scanning measurements significantly represented the superparamagnetic behavior of the Fe3O4, and X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the crystalline structure before and after coating with PDA and the further immobilization of GAD remained the same. Thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy proved that the PDA-coating on Fe3O4 and further immobilization of GAD were successful. After immobilization, the enzyme can be used with a relative specific activity of 40.7% after five successive uses. The immobilized enzyme retained relative specific activity of about 50.5% after 15 days of storage at 4 °C, while free enzyme showed no relative specific activity after two days of storage. The GAD immobilization on PDA-coated magnetite nanoparticles was reported for the improvement of enzyme storage stability for the first time.

Highlights

Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD, EC 4.1.1.15) is required for the irreversible decarboxylation of glutamate to the non-protein nonessential amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) [1,2]
Fe3 O4 nanoparticles was maintained after PDA-coating and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) enzyme immobilization
The results showed that the specific activity of the GAD enzyme was decreased by 3.2-fold when compared to that of free enzyme

Summary

Introduction

Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD, EC 4.1.1.15) is required for the irreversible decarboxylation of glutamate to the non-protein nonessential amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) [1,2]. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter [3] with pain-relieving [4], sedative [5], anti-diabetic [6], and diuretic effects [7], and has been used as a precursor for the chemical synthesis of 2-pyrrolidone and nylon-4 [8]. While GABA can be produced both chemically and biosynthetically, GABA biosynthesis is preferred due to its mild reaction conditions and facile reaction layout [9,10]. GABA biosynthesis is associated with its own challenges, which include separation of the product from the enzyme and lack of storage stability and reusability [11]. Homaie et al proposed enzyme immobilization to be used to overcome these challenges [12]. Park and co-workers [13] successfully

Methods

Results

Conclusion