ENHANCEMENT OF ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF AMOXICILLIN TRIHYDRATE AND AMPICILLIN-SULBACTAM

The increase in the occurrence of the multidrug-resistant bacteria is the cause of need in the discovering new antimicrobial substances and antimicrobial combination drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate the synergistic interaction between polar fractions of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel and Amoxicillin trihydrate against Enterococcus faecalis. In the first step of the study, polar fractions of pomegranate peel (ethyl acetate, butanol, distilled water) were prepared. Next, disc diffusion method was used for determination of the synergic effect. Here, the results indicated that the mixture of prepared polar fractions of pomegranate peel and Amoxicillin trihydrate showed synergistic interaction against E. faecalis. This study determined that polar fractions of pomegranate peel (ethyl acetate, butanol, distilled water) improved the effectiveness of Amoxicillin trihydrate against E. faecalis. Pomegranate peel may have potential applications in the new antibacterial therapy combinations due to its easy accessibility, therapeutic properties and being low cost. Results of the present study may be beneficial for further studies about the characterization of phytochemical compounds that are responsible for the improvement of the antibiotic effectiveness.

Difficulties in the treatment of infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria have led to studies in recent years directed towards improving the effectiveness of existing antibacterial agents. In our study, the antibacterial activities of the combined use of Cupressus sempervirens leaf extract and amoxicillin trihydrate on Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028, Salmonella abony NCTC 6017 bacteria and 4 coliform bacteria isolated from Karaman wastewater facility were investigated using the disc diffusion method. It was determined that the mixture of amoxicillin trihydrate and C. sempervirens leaf extract caused a synergistic effect on S. typhmurium and E. coli ATCC 8739. In general, it was observed that C. sempervirens leaf extracts contributed to the existing antibacterial activity of the antibiotic amoxicillin trihydrate. In addition, three of the bacteria isolated from wastewater were found to be sensitive to the antibiotic amoxicillin trihydrate, while one was found to be resistant.

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the use of natural compounds as opposed to chemical preservatives. This study employed response methodology to evaluate the synergistic antibacterial effect of Areca nut and Punica granatum L. extract. Independent variables included extract type (Punica granatum L., Areca nut, and their mixture), solvent (water, ethanol, methanol), bacterial type (S. aureus, Salmonella, E. coli), and extract concentration (1, 10, 100 mg/L). The sensitivity was determined using the disk diffusion method, and the diameter of the inhibitory zone was measured. On the specified bacteria, the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) of each extract were ascertained using the serial dilution method. This study revealed the existence of beneficial synergistic effects between the two extracts. Results indicated that the ethanolic extracts of Punica granatum L. and Areca nut had a synergistic effect on E. coli.

Background: Bacterial burn infections are one of the serious infections and since their treatment with antibiotics is very difficult, infection control in such wounds is very important. Therefore, methods should be sought to enhance the effects of antibiotics and also reduce the resistance to them. It seems that probiotics have antimicrobial features and are effective in wound healing. Objectives: The current study aimed at evaluating and comparing the antimicrobial effects of antibiotics and probiotics, as well as their combination on bacterial burn infections. Methods: Thirty clinically resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa species isolated from hospitalized patients with burn wounds were collected. Antibacterial activity of five antibiotics and 11 probiotic strains, and also their combination were evaluated by disk diffusion method. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used for data analysis. Results: It was found that the effect of inhibitory zone in combination use of tetracycline + a probiotic strain was more than using the antibiotic and probiotic alone. Also, the current study found that among the probiotics, Lactobacillus plantarum 299v had the highest effect, although not significant, on resistant P. aeruginosa. The current study explained that the inhibitory effect of L. plantarum 299v was significantly higher than that of ciprofloxacin (P = 0.009). In addition, antibacterial activity of gentamicin + L. salivarius (ES1) was significantly higher compared with that of gentamicin + L. routeri (P = 0.01). Conclusions: The current study explained that probiotics had a useful potential inhibitory effect on the growth of the pathogens. The study showed that in most cases, inhibitory zones of probiotics were greater than those of antibiotics as well as combination of antibiotic + probiotic. But, there was an exception in tetracycline, which had synergistic effect with probiotics. Conversely, in the cases of imipenem and chloramphenicol, addition of probiotics had antagonistic effects. Further studies are needed to describe different results. Therefore, it seems that the type of antibiotics and probiotics are important to create the synergistic or antagonistic effects. © 2018, Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases.

The antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals was evaluated with antibiotic susceptible and resistant microorganisms. In addition, the possible synergistic effects when associated with antibiotics were studied. Extracts from the following plants were utilized: Achillea millifolium (yarrow), Caryophyllus aromaticus (clove), Melissa offficinalis (lemon-balm), Ocimun basilucum (basil), Psidium guajava (guava), Punica granatum (pomegranate), Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), Salvia officinalis (sage), Syzygyum joabolanum (jambolan) and Thymus vulgaris (thyme). The phytochemicals benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, eugenol and farnesol were also utilized. The highest antimicrobial potentials were observed for the extracts of Caryophyllus aromaticus and Syzygyum joabolanum, which inhibited 64.2 and 57.1% of the tested microorganisms, respectively, with higher activity against antibiotic-resistant bacteria (83.3%). Sage and yarrow extracts did not present any antimicrobial activity. Association of antibiotics and plant extracts showed synergistic antibacterial activity against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The results obtained with Pseudomonas aeruginosa was particularly interesting, since it was inhibited by clove, jambolan, pomegranate and thyme extracts. This inhibition was observed with the individual extracts and when they were used in lower concentrations with ineffective antibiotics.

Due to the development of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms, antimicrobial peptides from natural sources have attracted attention in recent times. Several antimicrobial peptides have been isolated from a wide range of animal sources, particularly snake venoms. Naja naja venom showed antibacterial as well as direct and indirect hemolytic activities, and an antibacterial peptide was purified through gel permeation and ion exchange chromatography. Its molecular mass was 2491Da, which was determined using Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and the amino acids sequence of the N-terminus was DEQSTHGAYVWKL. The purified peptide showed potent antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains like Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio cholerae, and Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis, respectively. The most potent activity was towards Gram-negative bacteria. Activity was retained at concentrations as low as 100µg/ml. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC; in mg) of Naja Antibacterial Peptide (NAP) and known antibiotics against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were determined using microdilution susceptibility test in sterile 96-well microdilution plates. However, the peptide did not show direct or indirect hemolytic activity.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics have been widely used in the treatment of many systemic and local infections in humans and animals. Herein, we aimed to determine the synergistic and antagonistic effects of phenylalanine with antibiotics cefoxitin, amoxicillin, vancomycin, lincomycin, and bacitracin against 14 pathogenic bacteria. The effect of antibiotics, either alone or in combination with this biomolecular liquid, was tested using the disk diffusion method against different bacteria. The addition of phenylalanine to antibiotic disks directly affected their antimicrobial activity. All the antibiotics used did not show any antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus haemolyticus when used alone. However, in combination with phenylalanine, each antibiotic inhibited the growth of S. haemolyticus. The use of this biomolecular liquid together with amoxicillin and vancomycin also increased the antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus durans. The use of phenylalanine in combination with antibiotics also resulted in antagonistic effects on some pathogens. Further, the effects of antibiotics in combination with phenylalanine on different bacterial pathogens were investigated in vitro. Results provide valuable information to further our understanding of the molecular mechanism of action of antibiotics and to improve their efficacy against bacterial pathogens.

The revival of fosfomycin

The alarming increase in bacterial resistance to antibiotics caused some authors to state that we are approaching a post-antibiotic era and medical catastrophe, the study aimed to assess the antimicrobial effects of selected plant extracts against several sensitive and resistant bacterial isolates. Experimental cross-sectional study was conducted, 70% ethanol crude Acaccia nilotica, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Punica granatum and Commiphora myrrha extract was prepared and several commercial antimicrobials agent tested, the antibacterial activity was investigated using the disc diffusion method. The inhibition zones' diameters (mm) were calculated and interpreted by Zone Diameter Interpretative Standards. Data were analyzed by using (SPSS) software version 22. About 200% of A. nilotica and T. foenum-graecum showed bactericidal effects against Enterococcus faecalis, means ±SD (12.3 ± 2.8 and 12.5 ± 2.1). The activity of 200% C. myrrha extract was highest against all diverse bacterial. Despite a relatively high inhibition zone among all plant ethanol extracts, the findings demonstrate that there is no statistical significance in the inhibitory activity impact of varying concentrations of 70% ethanol extracts of all plants extract against bacterial isolates (P. value ? 0.05). The outcomes of the ethanol extracts of the used plant under study demonstrated that the herbal extract can be a superior antimicrobial potential than the result of the commercial broad spectrum antimicrobial agent utilized. C. myrrha extract was potent antimicrobial activity against all diverse bacterial species.

BackgroundAntimicrobial activity of 18 ethnomedicinal plant extracts were evaluated against nine bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Ervinia sp, Proteus vulgaris) and one fungal strain (Candida albicans). The collected ethnomedicinal plants were used in folk medicine in the treatment of skin diseases, venereal diseases, respiratory problems and nervous disorders.MethodsPlants were collected from Palni hills of Southern Western Ghats and the ethnobotanical data were gathered from traditional healers who inhabit the study area. The hexane and methanol extracts were obtained by cold percolation method and the antimicrobial activity was found using paper disc diffusion method. All microorganisms were obtained from Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.ResultsThe results indicated that out of 18 plants, 10 plants exhibited antimicrobial activity against one or more of the tested microorganisms at three different concentrations of 1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/disc. Among the plants tested, Acalypha fruticosa, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Toddalia asiatica,Cassia auriculata, Punica granatum and Syzygium lineare were most active. The highest antifungal activity was exhibited by methanol extract of Peltophorum pterocarpum and Punica granatum against Candida albicans.ConclusionThis study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of the some ethnomedicinal plants used in folkloric medicine. Compared to hexane extract, methanol extract showed significant activity against tested organisms. This study also showed that Toddalia asiatica, Syzygium lineare, Acalypha fruticosa and Peltophorum pterocarpum could be potential sources of new antimicrobial agents.

Background : As antibiotic resistance in microorganisms is increasing and becoming a global problem, essential oils should be considered as new chemical substances with potenial therapeutic effects. Aim of the study : Determine the susceptibility of beta-lactamase clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to antibiotics and essential oils, define the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for tested oils. Material and Methods : This study included 120 P. aeruginosa isolates from clinical material. A disc diffusion method was used to for determination of antibiotic and essential oil susceptibility profile. For the phenotypic detection of beta-lactamase isolates, a disk diffusion method was used according to the CLSI guidelines with clavulanic acid. MIC was determined by microdilution test in broth. MBC was recorded after determination of MIC, it was corresponded to the lowest concentration of the essential oil yielding negative subcultures after incubation at appropriate temperature for 24 h. Results : Of the three tested oils, Origanum compactum had the strongest antimicrobial effect (MIC 6.4 mg/ml - 9.3 mg / ml) on P. aeruginosa isolates followed by Thymus serpylum (MIC 13 mg / ml to 78 mg / ml) and Origanum majorana ( MIC 21,5 mg/ml do 43 mg/ml ). Conclusion : Beta-lactamase producing P. aeruginosa isolates resistant to third and forth genetration of cephalosporin antibiotics, showed susceptibility against tested essential oils.

Introduction: One of the important issues in root canal treatment is the elimination of the microorganisms in the root canal before obturation. This study aimed to experimentally investigate the combined effects of ethanol extract of Allium hirtifolium (shallot) and calcium hydroxide on the biofilm structure of the resistant bacterium Enterococcus faecalis. Method: Dried Allium hirtifolium was extracted with ethanol. Various concentrations (0-20-40-50-60-80-100 mg/ml) of the extract and calcium hydroxide were prepared. Antibacterial effects of these compounds were evaluated against Enterococcus faecalis using disc-diffusion, well-diffusion, and biofilm formation inhibition assays, along with optical absorption measurements. Results: The results showed that in disc-diffusion and well-diffusion methods, the highest antibacterial effects were observed in the positive control group (antibiotics amoxicillin and co-amoxiclav), 100 mg/ml calcium hydroxide, and combined concentrations of calcium hydroxide and Allium hirtifolium (80/20, 60/40 and 50/50 mg/ml). Other concentrations of these compounds did not affect Enterococcus faecalis. Regarding biofilm formation, the study revealed that the ability of Enterococcus faecalis to form biofilm was weak at concentrations of 100, 80, and 60 mg/ml of calcium hydroxide, while other concentrations of the studied substances showed average inhibition. Conclusion: The present study revealed that in disc diffusion and well-diffusion methods, ethanol extract of Allium hirtifolium alone or in combination with calcium hydroxide did not significantly inhibit the growth of Enterococcus faecalis, while calcium hydroxide exhibited the highest (100%) antibacterial effect

Punica granatum L. (Pomegranate) is a plant belongs to Lythraceae family. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of petroleum ether, chloroform , acetone, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts from the peel fruit of Punica granatum against standard microorganism. This plant has been used as a traditional treatment for several diseases such as microbial infections. Extracts were evaluated for their effectiveness against four bacterial strains including both Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria as well as fungal species (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger) using disc diffusion method. The ethyl acetate, acetone and petroleum ether extracts showed higher antibacterial activity than the chloroform and ethanol extracts with inhibition zone ranged between (7-16 mm). The petroleum ether and chloroform extracts showed the higher antifungal activity compared with the other extracts, the diameter inhibition zone ranged between (11-16 mm). The antioxidant potential of peel extracts was determined on the basis of their scavenging activity of the stable 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and 2,2'azino-bis(ethyl benzthiazoline -6-sulfonic acid (ABTS+). All extracts showed high antioxidant activity . The highest result of antioxidant activity by DPPH scavenging assay was in acetone extract (89.40%), but high result by ABTS in ethanol extract (72.07%).
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Synthesis and structure investigation of the antibiotic amoxicillin complexes of d-block elements

In the present investigation an attempt has been made to develop Amoxicillin Trihydrate oral lozenges in treatment of upper respiratory tract infection. The lozenges were formulated by soft lozenges method employing Amoxicillin Trihydrate alone and in combination with natural antiseptic ingredients. The lozenges were prepared employing PEG 4000 as matrix base, Stevia (natural sweetener), Acacia (polymer), MCC (disintegrate) other excipients. The prepared medicated lozenges were characterized for Weight uniformity, hardness, Drug content, and dissolution by standard pharmacopeia methods. The results of the evaluation tests obtained were within the limits. Formulations were tested for drug Excipient interactions by FTIR spectral analysis. The results revealed that there were no major interactions between the drug and polymers used for the preparation of lozenges. Antimicrobial activity studies were performed for different lozenges formulations. AMF2 formulation showed greater Zone of inhibition. This may be due to synergistic antimicrobial effect of Amoxicillin Trihydrate, Tulsi and Ginger. Accelerated stability studies were conducted as per ICH guidelines and found that there wasn’t any substantial change in the prepared formulations