Abstract
One of the goals of bone tissue engineering is to create scaffolds with well-defined, inter-connected pores, excellent biocompatibility and osteoinductive ability. Three-dimensional (3D)-printed polymer scaffold coated with bioactive peptide are an effective approach to fabricating ideal bone tissue engineering scaffolds for bone defect repair. However, the current strategy of adding bioactive peptides generally cause degradation to the polymer materials or damage the bioactivity of the biomolecules. Thus, in this study, we used a biomimetic process via poly(dopamine) coating to prepare functional 3D PLGA porous scaffolds with immobilized BMP-2 and ponericin G1 that efficiently regulate the osteogenic differentiation of preosteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) and simultaneously inhibit of pathogenic microbes, thereby enhancing biological activity. In this study, we analysed a 3D PLGA porous scaffold by scanning electron microscopy, water contact angle measurements, and materials testing. Subsequently, we examined the adsorption, release and in vitro antimicrobial activity of the 3D PLGA. Surface characterization showed that poly(dopamine) surface modification could more efficiently mediate the immobilization of BMP-2 and ponericin G1 onto the scaffold surfaces than physical adsorption, and that ponericin G1-immobilized 3D PLGA scaffolds were able to maintain long-term antibacterial activity. We evaluated the influence on cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation by culturing MC3T3-E1 cells on different modified 3D PLGA scaffolds in vitro. The biological results indicate that MC3T3-E1 cell attachment and proliferation on BMP-2/ponericin G1-immobilized 3D PLGA scaffolds were much higher than those on other groups. Calcium deposition, and gene expression results showed that the osteogenic differentiation of cells was effectively improved by loading the 3D PLGA scaffold with BMP-2 and ponericin G1. In summary, our findings indicated that the polydopamine-assisted surface modification method can be a useful tool for grafting biomolecules onto biodegradable implants, and the dual release of BMP-2 and ponericin G1 can enhance the osteointegration of bone implants and simultaneously inhibit of pathogenic microbes. Therefore, we conclude that the BMP-2/ponericin G1-loaded PLGA 3D scaffolds are versatile and biocompatible scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.
Highlights
Bone regeneration in bone defect arising from trauma, surgical resection, or skeletal abnormalities is an important consideration
The quantitative assessment of mineral deposition showed the same trend as the osteogenic protein expression of OCN, which indicates that the immobilization of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and ponericin G1 via a pDA coating on PLGA 3D scaffolds can effectively promote the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells
We found the BMP-2/ ponericin-G1-loaded 3D-printed PLGA scaffolds to maintain a stable porous 3D structure with no induced scaffold degradation, which promoted better adherence, proliferation and calcium deposition of MC3T3-E1 cells
Summary
Bone regeneration in bone defect arising from trauma, surgical resection, or skeletal abnormalities is an important consideration. BMP-2 can improve gene expression during osteogenic differentiation in vitro including that of osteopontin, osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP).[18,19] Previous studies have demonstrated that a er incorporating of BMP-2 into polymer scaffolds, the scaffolds exhibit adequate mechanical strength, and the required biodegradation rate and morphological structure, but can effectively deliver the growth factor for actively guiding and accelerating cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation in the scaffolds.[20,21] since BMP-2 is a protein, and proteins have physical and chemical instabilities, excessive processing accelerates BMP-2 inactivation and reduce its effectiveness. We explored the combined effects of BMP-2 and ponericin G1 on cell attachment, cell proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation to investigate the effectiveness of functional 3D-printed PLGA bone scaffolds
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