Abstract
Polyethylene oxide (PEO)-modified silicon dioxide (SiO2)-doped crystalline tungsten trioxide (WO3) films for use as electrochromic layers were prepared on indium tin oxide (ITO) glass by the sol–gel spin coating technique. The effects of the PEO template and SiO2 on the electrochromic transmittance modulation ability of crystalline WO3 films were investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra analysis indicated that PEO was decomposed after annealing at 500 °C for 3 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern analysis showed that both SiO2 and PEO helped reduce the crystalline grain size of the WO3 films. Atomic force microscope (AFM) images showed that the combined action of SiO2 and PEO was helpful for achieving high surface roughness and a macroporous structure. An electrochromic test indicated that PEO-modified SiO2-doped crystalline WO3 films intercalated more charges (0.0165 C/cm2) than pure WO3 crystalline films (0.0095 C/cm2). The above effects resulted in a good transmittance modulation ability (63.2% at 628 nm) of PEO-modified SiO2-doped crystalline WO3 films, which was higher than that of pure WO3 crystalline films (9.4% at 628 nm).
Highlights
Tungsten trioxide (WO3 ) is an important functional material, widely studied for applications in gas sensors [1], photochromism [2], photocatalysis [3], and electrochromism [4]
Because of the carbonization of polyethylene oxide (PEO) at high temperature, it it indicates that the color of samples EWP500 and EWPS500 (PEO-doped) changed from transparent to indicates that the color of samples EWP500 and EWPS500 (PEO-doped) changed from transparent to grey after annealing for 15 min, when compared with EW500 and EWS500, but such grey after annealing for 15 min, when compared with EW500 and EWS500, but such changes did not occur in samples EW500 and EWS500, because of the rapid evaporation of the organic changes did not occur in samples EW500 and EWS500, because of the rapid evaporation of the organic solvents
In the process of PEO pyrolysis, CO2 and water vapor, which acted on the film annealing time increased
Summary
Tungsten trioxide (WO3 ) is an important functional material, widely studied for applications in gas sensors [1], photochromism [2], photocatalysis [3], and electrochromism [4]. Smart windows can reduce energy consumption by modulating light and heat inputs [5]. WO3 -based electrochromic layers have attracted increasing attention for smart windows applications. There are many methods for preparing WO3 films, such as physical vapor deposition (PVD) [6], chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [7], sol–gel method [8], etc. Both PVD and CVD have some characteristic drawbacks, such as high cost of equipment, high energy consumption, and vacuum dependency [9]
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