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Abstract
Photorefractive properties of congruent lithium niobate crystals codoped with HfO2 and Fe2O3 were investigated and it was found that Fe ions are still located at Li sites as photorefractive centers when the doping concentration of HfO2 goes above the threshold value. As a result, their photorefractive response speed and sensitivity are significantly enhanced. Meanwhile, the high saturation diffraction efficiency is still maintained. Experimental results definitely show that Hf is now the most effective doping element for LiNbO3:Fe crystal to improve its photorefractive properties.
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