Enhanced detection of copper residues on citrus surfaces: An innovative copper fenton-catalysed colorimetric approach using creatinine and molybdenum trioxide

Abstract

Accurate quantification of residual copper from inorganic copper reagents on the surface of citrus fruits is crucial for preventing diseases caused by excessive heavy metal intake. In this study, we developed a rapid colorimetric strategy for copper detection that is enhanced under near-neutral pH conditions, using molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) and creatinine for copper-Fenton catalysis. The introduction of MoO3 enriches the redox reactions of Cu2+/Cu+ within the complex formed by copper ions and creatinine, leading to enhanced copper-Fenton catalytic activity at near-neutral pH. In the presence of H2O2, this system oxidises colourless 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to blue oxTMB, thereby affording a sensitive colorimetric detection platform for Cu2+. The designed method offers high sensitivity for Cu2+ detection, with a linear range of 0.011.0 μg/mL and a detection limit as low as 0.007 μg/mL. This method was effectively used to analyse copper reagent residues on citrus surfaces, achieving recovery rates of 92.0%115.0%. With its high sensitivity, selectivity, simplicity, and low cost, this colorimetric method shows great potential as an effective approach for determining copper ion levels, particularly for monitoring copper residues in agricultural products.