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Abstract
The integration of distributed energy resources (DERs), e.g., electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable distributed generation (DG), in the electrical distribution system (EDS) brings advantages to society, but also introduces technical challenges (e.g., overloading and voltage issues). A DER aggregator, which has agreements with DERs to manage their consumption/generation, could collaborate with the EDS operator to mitigate those technical challenges. Previous approaches have mainly focused on the aggregator’s strategy to manage demand, aiming at the maximization of profits. Therefore, methods to support the aggregator’s strategy need to be extended to facilitate the integration of renewable DG, leading to an enhanced coordination of DERs. This paper proposes a linear programming model for the aggregator’s coordination strategy to maximize its profit through the management of DERs and the participation in the day-ahead reserve market. The model uses EV charging control to provide up/down reserve and reduces its cost taking advantage of DG. The proposed mathematical model represents the daily EDS operation (hourly resolution) to enforce voltage and current magnitude constraints. A case study carried out in an unbalanced 34-bus EDS with 660 EVs, demonstrates that the application of the proposed method enhances the DER aggregator’s strategy, leading to better outcomes in both profits and EDS operation.
Highlights
The great dependence of fossil fuels to accomplish daily activities in the globalized world has become a significant matter in the last years
An electric vehicles (EVs) charging coordination strategy that allows the sale of reserve services to the transmission network operator (TNO), offering up and down reserve without affecting the energy required for transportation and guaranteeing a suitable operation of the distribution system
An optimization optimization approach for has the been coordination strategy of aa distributed distributed energy resource obtained via the charging coordination of electric vehicles (EVs), the selling of energy from dispatchable aggregator aggregator (DERA), (DERA), which which maximizes maximizes its its profit, profit, has has been been proposed proposed in in this this paper
Summary
The great dependence of fossil fuels to accomplish daily activities in the globalized world has become a significant matter in the last years. The novelty of the proposal in [31] is an approach based on multistage decision-making that allows the interaction between PEV owners and aggregators in real-time This approach makes possible a proper participation of EV owners in DR programs, the aggregator does not offer reserve services, it is only an agent responsible for the PEV charging coordination. The main goal is to maximize the aggregator’s profit by taking advantage of the energy produced from PV units, EV charging control, and by the participation in the day-ahead market offering reserve services. A new approach for the aggregator’s strategy to coordinate DERs and participation in the day-ahead market with reserve services, while considering the operation of the unbalanced electrical distribution system. An EV charging coordination strategy that allows the sale of reserve services to the TNO, offering up and down reserve without affecting the energy required for transportation and guaranteeing a suitable operation of the distribution system
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