Abstract
Frozen water might appear opaque since gas bubbles can get trapped in the ice during the freezing process. They nucleate and then grow near the advancing solidification front, due to the formation of a gas supersaturation region in its vicinity. A delicate interplay between the rate of mass transfer and the rate of freezing dictates the final shapes and sizes of the entrapped gas bubbles. In this work, we experimentally and numerically investigate the initial growth of such gas bubbles that nucleate and grow near the advancing ice front. We show that the initial growth of these bubbles is governed by diffusion and is enhanced due to a combination of the presence of the background gas concentration gradient and the motion of the approaching front. Additionally, we recast the problem into that of mass transfer to a moving spherical object in a homogeneous concentration field, finding good agreement between our experimental data and the existing scaling relations for that latter problem. Lastly, we address how fluid flow around the bubble might further affect this growth and qualitatively explore this through numerical simulations.
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