Abstract
Marine algae are a rich source of biologically active compounds that can be utilized in various food and pharmaceutical applications. In this study, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was optimized to maximize yield and total carbohydrate content extracted from the red algae, Pterocladia capillacea. The extract was shown to possess potent antioxidant activity of up to ~70%, and was successfully used as a reducing and capping agent in the green synthesis of copper nanoparticles, which were characterized by UV-spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Primarily, CuO nanoparticles with an average size of 62 nm were produced. FTIR spectra for the extract and algal-mediated CuO nanoparticles showed characteristic polysaccharide peaks. The synthesized CuO nanoparticles were subsequently loaded with nedaplatin where UV data suggested a complex formation. Nedaplatin release profiles showed a sustained release that reached a maximum at 120 h. The formulation was shown to have greater cytotoxicity relative to nedaplatin on hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer and ovarian cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 0.40 ± 0.08, 1.50 ± 0.12, and 0.70 ± 0.09 µg/mL, respectively. Loading nedaplatin onto CuO nanoparticles synthesized using red algae extract, greatly enhances its anticancer effect.
Highlights
Nedaplatin (ND), a second-generation platinum-based anticancer drug, is developed from cisplatin and clinically approved in Japan [1,2]
The crude extract of the red algae Pterocladia capillacea was obtained via ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)
This study presents UAE as an ecofriendly and convenient method of extraction for the red algae Pterocladia capillacea
Summary
Nedaplatin (ND), a second-generation platinum-based anticancer drug, is developed from cisplatin and clinically approved in Japan [1,2]. ND was synthesized to enhance the water solubility of cisplatin and to overcome some of its adverse effects, including nephrotoxicity and gastric toxicity while maintaining a similar pharmacokinetic profile. ND, which exerts its cytotoxic activity through the interaction of its activated species forming Pt-DNA adducts, has shown remarkable anticancer activity against cervical, small and non-small cell lung, head, neck, breast, ovarian and testicular cancers [3,4,5]. Considerable efforts have been exerted to develop delivery systems for chemotherapeutic agents that can overcome their limitations while simultaneously increasing their bioavailability and selective uptake by the targeted cancer cells [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13].
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