Abstract
Cymbidium aloifolium is an epiphytic orchid used in treatment of many human ailments. The endophytic fungi associated with orchids are diverse and have potential to produce many bioactive compounds including extracellular enzymes. A total of 165 endophytic fungi representing 22 different fungal species were obtained from root, leaf and flowers of C. aloifolium. The colonization rate (CR) and isolation rate (IR) varied with different plant parts and was highest in root (CR = 40.6%, IR = 0.83) followed by leaf (CR = 32.12%, IR = 0.66) and flower (CR = 27.27%, IR = 0.56). The diversity of isolated endophytic fungi in root, leaf and flower was determined; Shannon-Wiener index (H’) was highest in root (H’ = 2.64) followed by leaf (H’ = 2.12) and flower (H’ = 1.5). Simpson diversity index (D’) was high in root (D’ = 0.93) with a maximum of 16 species, followed by leaf (D’= 0.88) with 9 species and flower (D’ = 0.78) with 5 species. Shannon evenness index (J’) was highest in leaf (J’ = 0.96) followed by root (J’= 0.95) and flower (J’ = 0.93). The endophytic fungi subjected for production of extracellular enzymes; 93% produced phosphatase, 80% cellulase, 70% amylase, 63.33% protease, 30% pectinase, 23.33% lipase and 10% laccase. Key words: Cymbidium aloifolium, orchid, endophytic fungi, diversity, extracellular enzymes.
Highlights
The current study revealed that fish fed 4.0 g ginger diet had better growth and haematological profile
Highest values in terms of final weight (67.51±0.44) and weight gain (31.82±0.63) were observed in fish group fed 4.0 g ginger supplemented diet followed by 4.0 g roselle treated groups
Iheanacho et al (2017a) reported significant increases in weight gain, specific growth rate and final weight when C. gariepinus juvenile were exposed to varying concentrations (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0 g/35 mgL) of ginger as compared to the control
Summary
Ogueji et al 2243 use of land and water resources, lack of governance and regulation in production, poorly developed infrastructure, limited access to fish seed, feed, increased fish feed extraction from the world’s ocean and diseases (World Bank, 2006). Disease which is one of the critical factors hampering aquaculture development ensued as a result of negative interactions between fish and pathogenic bacteria (Romero et al, 2012; Iheanacho et al, 2017a). The use of antibiotics in fish feeds has a good impact on growth (Rico et al, 2013). Antibiotics growth promoters are considered as human health risk factor for their possible role in the emergence of microbial resistance, breakage of the animal intestinal micro-ecological balance and the presence of antibiotics residues in resultant fish products (Okeke and Ososa, 2003). Feed supplements are costly to the extent that most fish farmers depend on it to supplement some essential minerals and vitamins found wanting in fish feeds but currently, can no longer afford to use them
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