Abstract
Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are sugar oligomers made up of xylose units with the chain length of 2 to 10 and are considered non-digestible food ingredients. It is mainly produced from xylan hydrolysis. XOS have a characteristic of prebiotic by promoting the growth of probiotic organisms. They have various physiological effects such as reducing cholesterol, maintaining the gastrointestinal health and improving the biological availability of calcium, animal feed, anti-cancerous. The production of XOS from agricultural residues offers great scope to the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries as the raw material is cheap and abundantly available. The driving force of this study was to produce XOS from the organic wastes such as orange fruit wastes. These wastes are rich in xylan which can be used as a renewable material for producing XOS. XOS can be obtained by chemical or enzymatic method, but due to the yield of toxic by-product, enzymatic production is preferred. In the enzymatic extraction method, acetic acid was used to prepare pellets from dried orange peels powder followed by xylanase enzyme degradation performed at 2, 4, 6 and 8 h. Samples containing XOS were chromatographed on HPLC system having a fluorescence detector (Ex320 nm, Em420 nm). The column used was Agilent C18 of length 250 mm and 4.6 mm internal diameter. Key words: Xylooligosaccharide, xylobiose, xylotriose, prebiotic, xylan, enzymatic extraction, HPLC.
Highlights
The oligosaccharides with low degree of polymerization (DP 2-20 monomers) are considered as potential nondigestible sugars known for their benefits as dietary fibers
In the enzymatic extraction method, acetic acid was used to prepare pellets from dried orange peels powder followed by xylanase enzyme degradation performed at 2, 4, 6 and 8 h
The alkali-solubilized xylan was centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 20 min and filtered first by zero filter paper followed by Whatman filter paper 40
Summary
The oligosaccharides with low degree of polymerization (DP 2-20 monomers) are considered as potential nondigestible sugars known for their benefits as dietary fibers. Various food materials and green vegetables such as broccoli, carrots, fish and fish oil, oranges and orange juice, garlic, ginger, cucumber and milk were mentioned mostly by consumers, in that order (AsiaOne, 2015) In this sense, orange have been shown to be a promising good food due to having variety of phytochemicals such as carotenoids which includes (beta-carotene, lutein and beta-cryptoxanthin), flavonoids in form of abundant volatile organic compounds producing orange aroma mainly including aldehydes, esters, terpenes, alcohols, and ketones (Elaine, 2011; Ensminger et al, 1986). The most common NaOH alkaline pre-treatment methods is used to separate hemicellulose content from other cellulosic waste materials such as lignin, pectines, fat substances and protein materials (Samanta et al, 2012a, b). The main goal of pre-treatment alkaline or enzymatic hydrolysis is to modify or eliminate the structural and compositional inhibitions of waste materials present in hemicellulose other than desired materials to increase the yields of intended products such as XOS (Hendriks and Zeeman, 2009)
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