Abstract
Resistance to conventional insecticides still constitutes a major obstacle to control of malaria vectors. Xenobiotic pollutants encountered by aquatic stages of natural populations of malarial vector species in agricultural and domestic environment are often selected due to resistance to various insecticides. The Laboratory Matatuine (MAT) and Kayamba (KGB) strains of Anopheles arabiensis were subjected to controlled dosages of DDT for over twenty generations. WHO insecticide susceptibility protocols was used to monitor changes in mortality between generations. The selected lines of both strains developed resistance to DDT and cross resistance to permethrin. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) detection of knock-down resistance (kdr) gene and sequencing revealed absence of L1014F mutations. Biochemical analysis of detoxification enzymes showed significant Glutathione S transferase (GST) activity in the selected lines [MAT: 0.236 (P>0.001) and KGB: 0.221 (P>0.014)], thus suggesting the presence of GST-based resistance mechanism. Key words: Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), Anopheles arabiensis.
Highlights
Anopheles arabiensis is the second most efficient malaria vector species of the An. gambiae complex and it occurs in sympatry with An. gambiae sensu stricto in most areas
The World Health Organisation (WHO) Pesticides Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) approves eleven insecticides including permethrin and DDT to be used in public health, malaria control programmes (WHO, 1998)
Adult females of An. arabiensis KGB stains were caught at Kayamba, Zambesi Valley in Zimbabwe in 1975 and a colony established at The South African Institute for Medical Research
Summary
Anopheles arabiensis is the second most efficient malaria vector species of the An. gambiae complex and it occurs in sympatry with An. gambiae sensu stricto in most areas. The two species form the most efficient malaria vectorial system in Africa (Powell et al, 1999; Coetzee et al, 2013). It often breeds in pesticide contaminated rice irrigation ecosystems found at malaria endemic areas in East and West Africa and adapt faster to man-made ecological habitats in urban cities (Coluzzi et al, 1979; Ijumba and Lindsay, 2001; Kamau and Vulule, 2006). Development of resistance to insecticides by malaria vector species still remains the major obstacle to malaria control globally (Karunaratne et al, 2018; Ranson et al, 2011). Resistance to deltamethrin, permethrin and DDT have been reported in Ethiopia (Balkew et al, 2010; Yewhalaw et al, 2011) and Sudan (Abdullah et al, 2008)
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