Abstract

English

Highlights

  • Introduction Levodopa treatment inParkinson’s disease can lead to elevated homocysteine levels

  • Novel approaches to improve the bioavailability of medicinal plants might be their use as an adjunctive therapy with levodopa or glutamate receptors antagonists or vitamin B supplementation

  • Parkinson’s disease and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias ­pathophysiology The basal ganglia (BG) are subcortical structures implicated in various neurological disorders including PD24

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Summary

Conclusion

Glutamate neurotoxicity is involved in PD and LID. Hcy directly and indirectly induces glutamate neurotoxicity. Considering the higher cost for producing synthetic drugs and the various side effects associated with their use, the need to search for alternative agents from medicinal plants used in traditional medicine is justified. This positive opinion is not, either a rubber cheque, or a blank cheque for one or another player because each metabolite generated can have its own undesirable effect. Abbreviations list BG, basal ganglia; CBS, Cystathionine β-synthase; CNS, central nervous system; COMT, atechol-O-methyltransferase enzyme; DA, nigrostriatal dopamine; DDI, DOPA decarboxylase­ inhibitors; Hcy, homocysteine; GPi, globus pallidus internal; HHcy, hyperhomocysteinemia; L-DOPA, levodopa; LID, L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias; mGluRs, metabotropic glutamate receptors; MTHFR, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; NMDA, Nmethyl-D-aspartate; PD, Parkinson’s disease; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SAH, S-adenosylhomocysteine; SAM, S-adenosylmethionine; SNc, substantia nigra pars compacta; SNr, substantia nigra pars reticulate; STN, subthalamic nucleus; α-Syn, α-synuclein; 3-OMD, 3-O-methyldopa; 5,10-MTHF, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate

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