Abstract
The emergence of multi-drug resistant microbes necessitates a continuous search for newer, effective antimicrobial agents. The crude methanol leaf extract of Vernonia glaberrima was screened for its antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms including Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin resistant enterococci, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcusau reus, Helicobacter pylori, Campylobacter fetus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Candida tropicalis and Candida stellatoidea using agar diffusion and broth dilution methods. The result of the susceptibility test showed the extract (400μg) inhibited the growth of Methicillin-resistance S. aureus, Vancomycin resistant enterococci, S. aureus, H. pylori, P. fluorescens and C. stellatoidea with mean zone of inhibition range of 18 to 29 mm; the most susceptible organism was S. aureus (29 mm) and the least was the fungus, C. stellatoidea (18 mm). No activity was observed against L. monocytogenes, C. fetus, P. vulgaris and C. tropicalis. Sparfloxacin (5µg/ml) the standard antibacterial drug, had inhibitory activity against all the test organisms except H. pylori, P. flourescens, C. tropicalis and C. stellatoidea while the standard anti-fungal drug, Fluconazole (5µg/ml), showed activity only on the two fungi species, C. tropicalis and C. stellatoidea. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) ranges for the extract were 5 to 20 mg/ml and 10 to 40 mg/ml, respectively. The results of this study suggest that the methanol leaf extract of V. glaberrima contains bioactive principles that have good antibacterial and antifungal activity, validating the antimicrobial use of the plant in traditional medicine. Key words: Vernonia glaberrima, extract, antimicrobial, MIC, MBC, evaluation.
Highlights
The results of this study suggest that the methanol leaf extract of V. glaberrima contains bioactive principles that have good antibacterial and antifungal activity, validating the antimicrobial use of the plant in traditional medicine
More than 2 million people become infected with bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics each year in the United States out of which about 23,000 die as a direct result of these infections, while many more people die from other complications related to antibiotic resistance (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC, 2013)
The contents of the Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in the serial dilution were sub-cultured into the prepared medium and incubated at 37°C for 24 h; the plates were observed for colony growth; the Minimum Bactericidal/Fungicidal Concentration (MBC)/MFC was the plate with lowest concentration of the extract in serial dilution without colony growth (Volekobia et al, 2001)
Summary
The World Health Organization (WHO) has long recognized antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as a growing. AMR is driven by both appropriate and inappropriate use of anti-infective medicines for human, animal health and food production, together with inadequate measures to control the spread of infections (Goosens et al, 2005; Mathew et al, 2007; Orzech and Nichter, 2008; WHO, 2014). Bacteria will continue to develop resistance once exposed to any antimicrobial agent, thereby imposing the need for a permanent search and development of new drugs (Silver and Bostian, 1993). The emergence of multidrug resistance in human and animal pathogenic bacteria as well as undesirable side-effects of certain antibiotics has triggered immense interest in the search for new antimicrobial drugs of plant origin (Ahmed and Beg, 2001). The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of V. glaberrima using agar diffusion and broth dilution methods
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