English as an International Language of Prestige: Conflicting Cultural Perspectives and Shifting Ethnolinguistic Loyalties

The objectives of the research were to provide information about students’ perception of teachers’ nonverbal immediacy behavior toward students’ attitude and motivation in learning English. This research is descriptive by nature employing mixed method QUAN-qual model. Participants of this research were the students of X IIS 2 and XI MIA 4 who were taught by male and female teacher. The data were obtained from questionnaire, group interview, and observation. The data from questionnaire were analyzed by using simple descriptive statistic and the data from interview and observation were analyzed by using interactive model of data analysis procedure consisting data collection, data reduction, and data display, and conclusion drawing. The finding showed that the mean score of students’ attitude was 76.56 under category positive attitude. The mean score of students’ motivation was 75.43 under category motivated. The students perceived that teachers’ nonverbal immediacy behavior influenced their attitude and motivation positively or negatively depending on particularr determinant factors such as religion, culture, and age. The findings led to the onclusion that managing nonverbal immediacy behaviors was very important for teachers because the behaviors could help changing students’ attitude from negative attitude became positive attitude and changing students motivation from demotivated became motivated during learning process in the class.Key words: Nonverbal immediacy behavior, attitude, motivation

This research investigates students' attitudes towards learning English in Private Universities. Attitude is considered as a necessary component in language learning. Therefore, a positive attitude is considered as one of the important factors that have an impact on language learning. By providing insight into the attitudes of Private Universities students towards learning English, it contributes to the teaching of English as a foreign language. The main purpose of this research is to reveal students’ attitudes towards learning English and find out how to make their attitudes positive. Language educators who know how to develop positive attitudes in students will be able to conduct interesting and effective classroom activities; get them to be more successful in learning English. The researcher points out that the main problem is the fact that students in Private Universities are not encouraged to English. This is one of the reasons why they have negative attitudes towards learning English. Students have a perception that they are forced to learn English. This causes them to be unwilling to learn English and develop target language skills. The researcher made use a questionnaire to obtain data about the learners’ attitudes and analyze them. The random sampling technique was used. All the first- and second-year students at English department of the college in Private Universities were selected randomly for the study. The English department had 214 first- and second-year students. The study revealed the fact that students have negative attitudes towards learning English in terms of emotional, behavioral and cognitive aspects. Thus, the first hypothesis is supported. As there is a statistically significant difference in Private Universities students’ attitudes towards learning English language by gender, the second hypothesis is supported. The third hypothesis is supported by the fact that there is a statistically significant difference in Private Universities students’ attitudes towards learning English language according to the duration of the study. According to the correlation test, the researcher came to the conclusion that there is correlation between three attitude factors: cognitive, behavioral and emotional. According to the correlation test, the researcher found out that cognitive has negative correlation (r=.-.249**, p<0.01) with Behavior. Concerning the negative of the linear relationship is moderately strong between cognitive and behavior, cognitive has negative correlation (r=.-.330**, p<0.01) with Emotional. The negative of the linear relationship is moderately strong between cognitive and Emotional, and Behavioral has negative correlation (r=.-.336**, p<0.01) with Emotional. The negative of the linear relationship is moderately strong between Emotional and behavior, therefore hypotheses four supported. Concerning the experimental negative attitude towards learning English, the university lecturers are recommended to establish a motivating feeling in the English lessons to promote the students’ positive attitudes towards learning English. Lecturers also should highlight the significance of learning English.

This study explored the factors affecting higher secondary school students’ attitudes toward learning English as a second language in southern Bhutan. The study intended to investigate factors affecting the attitudes of Bhutanese secondary students towards learning English as the researcher could not locate any studies done by Bhutanese in Bhutan. The study is conducted to identify the factors that influence the attitudes of secondary school students toward English learning and their performance in English. The study employed the convergent parallel mixed-methods design guided by a pragmatic paradigm. The quantitative data consists of randomly administered questionnaires to 302 students from class IX to XII. The qualitative data was collected through focus group students and semi-structured interview teachers. The study employed simple descriptive and inferential statistical analysis for quantitative data and thematic analysis (Braun &amp; Clark, 2018) for qualitative analysis. The findings indicated that secondary school students possess both positive and negative attitudes toward learning English as a second language. Further, the finding indicated that educational factors such as the classroom environment and classroom teaching-learning strategies are found to have influences on students' attitudes towards learning English. The finding also revealed that the authentic and appropriate textbooks and the use of interesting varieties of teaching-learning materials by teachers affect the attitudes of students towards learning English. The home and community environment such as parental support and the opportunities to speak English in the community are also found to have an impact on student's attitudes toward learning English. The finding implies that a positive attitude towards the English language enhances language learning and negative attitude detriments the learning process.&#x0D; The study recommends the school and the teachers create a comfortable and conducive classroom environment and implement appropriate teaching-learning strategies and materials to enhance the positive attitude of students toward learning English as a second language. The study also recommends parents and the community support and encourage the use of English to enhance students' positive attitudes toward learning English.

The comparison of the views of teachers with positive and negative attitudes towards rubrics

Weight gain attitudes among pregnant adolescents

Lecturer trying to grow and improve the positive attitude of students in the study of the course so that students can learn an increased vigor in the course. Indeed, the persistence of the negative attitude of students to a course, and it does not mean all the students to be negative towards a course, otherwise many students a positive attitude towards a subject that is learned. Lecturer of the course seeks to evoke the spirit of students to love a subject and trying to build a positive attitude towards the subject that he teaches. If the student has not been able to raise it toward a positive attitude among students, it is difficult for educators to develop students are knowledgeable and skilled in mastering a subject. For students who are positive or negative attitude is always the case in the learning of a subject, and even negative attitude is more dominant than positive attitude. Thus, the learning that educators are given less attractive, so that lecturers are less able to foster a positive attitude in the students learn a subject. That the lecturer of the course is able to actualize its role optimally in the process of learning a course undoubtedly positive attitude of students in the learning will become more prevalent among students. From the description above, the attitude of a person when used in the learning activities of the course, there will be individuals who love a subject (positive attitude) or being otherwise is not like a subject (a negative attitude). For students who have a positive attitude about a course will learn of their own accord and devote full attention to the matter of the course. Instead negative student attitudes about a course would lead to inactive students in learning activities and will ultimately negative effect also on a subject that is learned

Relevance. Research into the factors determining attraction between people is the most generally accepted paradigm in modern social psychology. The principal innovation of this study is its differentiation of the factor of the similarity of attitudes (both positive and negative), which was not introduced in previous works, either theoretical or empirical. At the same time, it seems apparent that “similarity of attitudes” is too global a characterization and requires further discrimination. Distinguishing between positive and negative attitudes makes obvious empirical sense: To what extent is similarity in some negative attitudes more important than in positive ones? Objective. To determine the impact of coinciding negative and positive attitudes on attraction to strangers in women. Methods. The study involved two stages. The sample at the first stage comprised 162 women, at the second there were 47; the average age of the participants was 19 years. The main methodological technique was a modified version of D. Byrne’s “fake stranger”. Statistical processing of the data included one-way analysis of variance and subsequent assessment of the significance of the differences in the dynamics of the attraction obtained by introducing additional information in the form of positive and negative attitudes corresponding to respondents’ own attitudes. Results. The introduction of additional information about attitudes that coincide with those of the respondent had a significant impact on attraction. The differences between the coincidence of the so-called positive and negative attitudes were analyzed. The authors propose a number of interpretations of the results in line with concepts relevant to modern socio-psychological science, relating to various theoretical orientations (psychoanalysis, cognitivism, interactionism, etc.). Conclusion. In the case of coinciding negative attitudes, the increase of the resulting attraction to the object is more significant than in the case of coinciding positive attitudes.

The current lingual ideologies of English known as EFL, WE, and EIL inform that the ideal goal of English education is to support students to be competent at intercultural communication. Hence, English learning should ideally be held on the basis of interculturality. This explanatory mixed-method study sought to investigate Indonesian EFL teachers’ attitudes and perceptions of interculturality in English learning. The attitudinal investigation employed a quantitative survey on 30 EFL teachers in Bengkulu province of Indonesia, and the investigation of perceptions applied a descriptive qualitative study on 5 EFL teachers selected purposively. The quantitative study made use of a valid and reliable questionnaire, and the qualitative study conducted interviews. This study revealed that most of the teachers had negative attitudes towards interculturality in English learning. Their attitudes were depicted by their negative evaluations towards this entity based on their affection (40 %), cognition (43%), and behavior (35%). Pertinent to perceptions, most of the teachers (4 of 5 EFL teachers) had negative perceptions of interculturality in English learning. They perceived that both intercultural communicative competence (ICC) and intercultural language learning (ILL) principles as the constructs of interculturality in English learning seemed to be too complex and complicated to be applied. There was only one teacher who had positive perceptions of ICC and ILL. She indicated that ICC was possible to be applied as the English communicative framework, and it should be the goal of English learning. Also, she emphasized that ILL was convenient for multicultural students like those of Indonesia. Further studies are expected to work on the provision of training programs of intercultural English education to help construct EFL teachers’ positive attitudes and perceptions of interculturality in English learning.

Two studies tested the hypotheses that positive and negative attitudes toward minority groups are not interchangeable in predicting positive versus negative behaviors toward those groups. In Study 1, positive attitudes about Latinos were a better predictor of a positive behavior toward Latinos than were negative attitudes or stereotyped positive attitudes. In Study 2, positive attitudes about African Americans were a better predictor of positive behavioral intentions toward that group than were negative attitudes, whereas negative attitudes were better predictors of negative behavioral intentions than were positive attitudes. Taken together, the studies support the perspective that positive and negative attitudes toward minority groups are theoretically and functionally distinct constructs. We conclude that it is important to measure both positive and negative attitudes to understand and predict behaviors toward minority groups.

IntroductionElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the few non-pharmacological stimulation treatment which is cost effective, effecious and lifesaving in various psychiatric disorders. Although myths and misconceptions prevailed in a society undermine the usefulness of such treatment.ObjectivesAttitude towards Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) among psychiatric patients.MethodsIt was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural sciences, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre (JPMC), Karachi from 22-Oct-2019 to 21-April-2020 and a total of 250 psychiatric patients were enrolled.Methode; Attitudes toward ECT were assessed using ECT attitude questionnaire6 (Annexure III). A 15 items questionnaire, each item has three alternatives based on which responses were categorized into positive, negative, or ambivalent attitudes. Mean score was calculated for each.Patients who were given 8 positive answers out of 15 were labeled as having a positive attitude. Patients who were given 8 negative answers out of 15 were labeled as having a negative attitude. Patients who were given 8 I don’t know answers out of 15 were labeled as having ambivalent attitude.Inclusion CriteriaAge 18-65 yearsEither genderPsychiatric patients, having awareness regarding their nature of illness and could give consent for study.Patients with duration of illness >3 months.Exclusion CriteriaPsychiatry patients who have no awareness regarding their illness.Patients with impaired cognitiveResultsForty-four (45.83%) patients had positive attitude, 36 (37.50%) had negative attitude and 16 (16.67%) had ambient attitude.Further stratification was also performed on the basis of educational status, occupational status, duration of illness, psychiatric diagnosis, and previous experience of ECT. There was no significant association was found of these variables with attitude regarding ECT.Mean age was 39.58±12.48 years included in this study. There were 55 (57.29%) female and 41 (41.71%) male patients. There were 72 (75.00%) patients were household workers, 04 (4.17%) students, 06 (5.25%) unskilled labour, 3 (3.13%) skilled labour, 10 (10.42%) professionals and just 01 (1.04%) were law enforcement worker. 19 (19.79%) patients were diagnosed with schizophrenia, 62 (64.58%) were diagnosed with unipolar depression and 15 (15.63%) were diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Source of ECT information was 11 (11.46%) electronic media, 09 (9.38%) print media, 19 (19.79%) social media and 57 (59.38%) was from health professionals. Forty-four (45.83%) patients had positive attitude, 36 (37.50%) had negative attitude and 16 (16.67%) had ambient attitude.ConclusionsKnowledge regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was low in psychiatric patients in Pakistan. Only 45.83% patients showed positive attitude towards ECT.Reference(s)Carney S, Geddes J. Electroconvulsive therapy. Br Med J. 2003;326:1343-4Gangadhar BN., Kapur RL., Kalyanasundaram S. Comparison of electroconvulsive therapy with imipramine in endogenous depression: a double blind study. Br J Psychiatry.1982;141:367–71.Kellner CH., Fink M., Knapp R., Petrides G., Husain M., Rummans T., et al. Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:977–82.Baghai T C, Moller HJ. Electroconvulsive therapy and its different indications. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2008 Mar; 10(1): 105–17.Weiner RD., Coffey CE., Folk J., Fochtmann LJ., Greenberg RM., et al. American psychiatric association committee on electroconvulsive therapy, The practice of electroconvulsive therapy. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2001Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

The present research examined how life history and resistance against interethnic mating were related to positive and negative attitudes towards cousin marriages among young people aged between 15 and 25 from a rural area in the Mexican state of Oaxaca. The sample included three ethnic groups: Mestizos (people of mixed Spanish and indigenous descent, n = 84), indigenous Mixtecs (n = 83), and Afro-Mexicans (n = 33). In general, respondents reported more negative than positive attitudes towards cousin marriage. Among the Mestizos, but not in the other ethnic groups, women reported more negative attitudes than men did. The main objections against marrying a cousin were that it might lead to family conflict and might result in genetic defects of one’s offspring. The main positive aspect of cousin marriage that participants mentioned was that one would marry someone with the same values. The ethnic groups did not differ in their attitudes towards cousin marriages. A slower life history was related to a more negative (but not a less positive) attitude towards cousin marriages, whereas resistance against out-group mating was related to a more positive (but not a less negative) attitude towards cousin marriages. The implications of the results are discussed in the context of life history theory, the benefits of in-group marriage, and the potential positive and negative effects of cousin marriages.

Negative attitudes toward patients can adversely impact health care quality and contribute to health disparities. Stigmatizing language written in a patient's medical record can perpetuate negative attitudes and influence decision-making of clinicians subsequently caring for that patient. To identify and describe physician language in patient health records that may reflect, or engender in others, negative and positive attitudes toward the patient. This qualitative study analyzed randomly selected encounter notes from electronic medical records in the ambulatory internal medicine setting at an urban academic medical center. The 600 encounter notes were written by 138 physicians in 2017. Data were analyzed in 2019. Common linguistic characteristics reflecting an overall positive or negative attitude toward the patient. A total of 138 clinicians wrote encounter notes about 507 patients. Of these patients, 350 (69%) were identified as female, 406 (80%) were identified as Black/African American, and 76 (15%) were identified as White. Of 600 encounter notes included in this study, there were 5 major themes representing negative language and 6 themes representing positive language. The majority of negative language was not explicit and generally fell into one or more of the following categories: (1) questioning patient credibility, (2) expressing disapproval of patient reasoning or self-care, (3) stereotyping by race or social class, (4) portraying the patient as difficult, and (5) emphasizing physician authority over the patient. Positive language was more often more explicit and included (1) direct compliments, (2) expressions of approval, (3) self-disclosure of the physician's own positive feelings toward the patient, (4) minimization of blame, (5) personalization, and (6) highlighting patient authority for their own decisions. This qualitative study found that physicians express negative and positive attitudes toward patients when documenting in the medical record. Although often not explicit, this language could potentially transmit bias and affect the quality of care that patients subsequently receive. These findings suggest that increased physician awareness when writing and reading medical records is needed to prevent the perpetuation of negative bias in medical care.

The purpose of this study was to determine if first-grade English Learners made patterns of language related errors when reading, and if so, to identify those patterns and how teachers coded language related errors when analyzing English Learners' running records. Using research from the fields of both literacy and Second Language Acquisition, we analyzed 123 running records containing 649 errors. Over half (54%) of the errors were determined to be language related and 93% of the LR errors fell into five categories: Inflectional endings, irregular verb tenses, contractions, prepositions and teachers' use of tolds. Numbers of LR errors and non-LR errors were similar within text level bands, and both decreased over time as students became more proficient readers. It is difficult to infer how different types of LR errors influence comprehension. There was inconsistency in teachers' interpretation of language related errors, which underscores the need to increase teachers' understanding of second language acquisition in the service of literacy instruction, and to advance theory regarding English Learners' use of their linguistic resources in language and literacy acquisition.

Research examining attitudes toward autistic adults has relied on explicit self-report measures, which may be susceptible to socially desirable responding. Because implicit attitudes predict behavioral rejection, understanding both implicit and explicit attitudes toward autistic adults is important. Furthermore, previous research has almost exclusively examined attitudes toward autistic children and has not investigated attitudes toward autistic adults who may also experience prejudice from their peers. We created an implicit association test (IAT) to examine implicit attitudes toward autistic adults. In Study 1, we examined 94 neurotypical adults' (mean [M]age = 31.37 years) implicit attitudes and explicit attitudes toward autistic adults as well as autistic behaviors. In Study 2 (n = 137; M age = 33.43 years), we assessed the same variables using an IAT with descriptive rather than stereotypical words. Participants from both studies demonstrated negative implicit attitudes but positive explicit attitudes toward autistic adults. In Study 2, analyses examining self-reported traits related to autism revealed that more autistic behaviors were associated with less implicit bias. These findings may help explain why autistic adults report discrimination from their peers. The results suggest that there may be benefits in modifying interventions that reduce implicit bias toward other marginalized groups for use with implicit bias against autistic adults. Why was this study done?: The goal of this study was to understand how neurotypical adults in the United States feel and think about autistic adults. Negative attitudes can lead to discrimination against autistic adults or to harmful interactions between autistic and neurotypical adults. Although research has previously examined the attitudes that neurotypical adults have toward autistic adults, most of this work has directly asked people about their attitudes, assessing their explicit, or conscious, attitudes. Neurotypical adults, however, may not be able or willing to admit that they have negative attitudes toward autistic adults. Therefore, it is important to evaluate implicit attitudes, which are underlying attitudes at the unconscious level of awareness.What was the purpose of this study?: This study investigated the implicit and explicit attitudes that neurotypical adults in the general U.S. population have about autistic adults. Assessing both kinds of attitudes is important because each type of attitude predicts different sorts of behaviors toward and judgments of individuals.What did the researchers do?: We conducted this study online using a crowdsourcing method of data collection (Amazon's Mechanical Turk) that gave us access to adults throughout the United States. We developed and administered a reaction-time task to examine implicit attitudes toward autistic adults. In this task, participants rapidly categorized words associated with autism and words not associated with autism as being "good" or "bad." We assessed explicit attitudes with questions about people's knowledge of autism and their liking for autistic adults. Study 1 measured 94 neurotypical adults' (average age = 31.37 years) implicit and explicit attitudes toward autistic adults; Study 2 measured 137 neurotypical adults' (average age = 33.43 years) implicit and explicit attitudes. Whereas Study 1's implicit task used words associated with stereotypes about autistic adults (e.g., extraverted, independent), Study 2 used nonstereotypical words associated with autism (e.g., autistic, spectrum).What were the results of the studies?: Participants in both studies reported positive explicit attitudes but negative implicit attitudes toward autistic adults. In one study, we also found that neurotypical adults with more autistic traits themselves had more positive implicit attitudes toward autistic adults.What do these findings add to what was already known?: Although previous research examined neurotypical adults' explicit attitudes toward autistic adults, the current study demonstrated that neurotypical adults hold negative implicit attitudes toward autistic adults. These findings may help explain why autistic adults experience discrimination from neurotypical adults. Furthermore, our findings suggest that having more autistic traits can lead to a better understanding of the behaviors associated with autism.What are the potential weaknesses in the study?: Limitations of the study were that we collected the data online rather than in person and we only included neurotypical adults as participants.How will these findings help autistic adults now or in the future?: These results shed light on underlying reasons for the potential negative judgments and discrimination that autistic adults face from neurotypical adults. These findings should encourage policy makers to design and implement training programs to reduce neurotypical adults' negative attitudes toward autistic adults.

The acceptance of Malay is the beginning of the attitude of acceptance of the language by Ternate society. Language attitudes can be classified into two, namely positive attitudes and negative attitudes. A positive attitude in the form of loyalty to language and will determine language defense should be a negative attitude that will lead to language shift. This study aims to describe the attitude of acceptance of Ternate's ethnic language which has historically been described as an ethnic group that easily accepts and even absorbs new cultures that have come. With the attitude of acceptance, how is the pattern or structure of the language used when communicating with other ethnic speakers. This is what encourages researchers to conduct research related to the structure of language and cycles of language reception by Ternate ethnicity. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method, in which the object of research is human beings and circumstances that are influenced by humans whose study is carried out as skillfully as possible. This study also uses a holistic approach including structural, sociology and anthropology. Research results show that the dominant language structure used by ethnicities includes 1). The level of morphology namely words and phrases, 2) syntax includes the negative words. Whereas the language attitude has shown is a negative language attitude towards one's own language and vice versa shows a positive language attitude towards other languages. From the perspective of communication, the attitude of the language shown by ethnic Ternate shows a very high level of language accommodation. Keywords: structure, language, attitudes