Engineering hierarchical structure and surface of Na4MnV(PO4)3 for ultrafast sodium storage by a scalable ball milling approach

Abstract

Polyanion-type Na4MnV(PO4)3 (NMVP) is attracting increasing attention as a cathode material for Na-ion batteries (NIBs) due to its high redox potential and crystal structure stability, while it is still suffering from poor intrinsic conductivity. Herein, to address such issue, a unique hierarchical bayberry-like NMVP@NC material, in which the ultra-small primary nanoparticles are embedded in N-doped carbon conductive network, is fabricated by a scalable ball milling approach. The optimum NMVP@NC electrode exhibits a high reversible capacity of 103.5 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C and maintains a desirable capacity of 82.4 mAh g−1 even at an ultrahigh rate of 100 C. After 1000 cycles at 5 C, a capacity retention ratio of 94.4% is achieved. The underlying electrochemical Na storage mechanism verified by the kinetic analysis and operando X-ray diffraction characterization reveals that the superior electrochemical performance should be attributed to the hierarchical structure with a facile ion/electron diffusion pathway and excellent interfacial compatibility. Moreover, a solid-solution and biphasic reaction mechanism for Na storage is confirmed in NMVP. Further demonstration of commercial soft carbon//NMVP@NC full cell manifests the good potential of as-prepared material for practical applications. Therefore, the NMVP@NC with rational architecture design is a considerable competitive cathode for the commercialization of NIB.