Abstract
The global surge of connected devices and multimedia services necessitates increased capacity and coverage of communication networks. One approach to address the unprecedented rise in capacity and coverage requirement is deploying several small cells to create ultra-dense networks. This, however, exacerbates problems with energy consumption and network management due to the density and unplanned nature of the deployment. This review discusses various approaches to solving energy efficiency problems in ultra-dense networks, ranging from deployment to optimisation. Based on the review, we propose a taxonomy, summarise key findings, and discuss operational and implementation details of past research contributions. In particular, we focus on popular approaches such as machine learning, game theory, stochastic and heuristic techniques in the ultra-dense network from an energy perspective due to their promise in addressing the issue in future networks. Furthermore, we identify several challenges for improving energy efficiency in an ultra-dense network. Finally, future research directions are outlined for improving energy efficiency in ultra-dense networks in 5G and beyond 5G networks.
Highlights
The world is changing continuously with the emergence of new technologies, a high degree of automation, growing data rates, ultra-reliable low latency and massive machine-type communication
Beyond the capacity and data aspect, energy efficiency is a critical factor for future wireless networks
We have provided the detailed taxonomy of ultra-dense network (UDN) that highlights the popular approaches, modelling techniques, performance measures, and energy efficiency metrics
Summary
The world is changing continuously with the emergence of new technologies, a high degree of automation, growing data rates, ultra-reliable low latency and massive machine-type communication. The small cell deployment related to eMBB and massive MTC 5G satisfies the critical performance indicators of spectral efficiency, energy efficiency, and latency It allows for higher frequency reuse, increases the capacity and data rate in the network. Even if small cells consume less power than traditional base stations, the cumulative power consumed by a large number of small cells results in increased energy consumption due to the additional construction and circuit power requirements [10] Since these issues are prevalent, energy efficiency has become a priority in 5G network research. Despite the high cumulative energy consumption of ultra-dense network (UDN) due to extensive infrastructure, energy efficiency can be improved by appropriately switching on/off cells based on traffic conditions [3]. This article aims to review promising state-of-the-art techniques applied to solving energy efficiency issues in UDN
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