Energy supply, its demand and security issues for developed and emerging economies

Hydrogen farm concept: A Perspective for Turkey

SummaryFloating photovoltaic (FPV) plants present several benefits in comparison with ground-mounted photovoltaics (PVs) and could have major positive environmental and technical impacts globally. FPVs do not occupy habitable and productive areas and can be deployed in degraded environments and reduce land-use conflicts. Saving water through mitigating evaporation and improving water security in arid regions combined with the flexibility for deployment on different water bodies including drinking water reservoirs are other advantages of FPVs. They also have higher efficiency than ground-mounted PV solar and are compatible with the existing hydropower infrastructures, which supports diversifying the energy supply and its resilience. Despite the notable growth of FPVs on an international scale, lack of supporting policies and development roadmaps by the governments could hinder FPVs’ sustainable growth. Long-term reliability of the floating structures is also one of the existing concerns that if not answered could limit the expansion of this emerging technology.

A review on the energy production, consumption, and prospect of renewable energy in China

Review of renewable energy investment and financing in China: Status, mode, issues and countermeasures

The Competitive Advantage of Developing Offshore Wind Energy in China

What is the appropriate pricing mechanism for China’s renewable energy in a new era?

Legal adaptation is considered a crucial part and one of the most effective tools of the global energy transition. The energy transition process promotes the rise of the renewable energy industry and brings a tremendous challenge to the law. How could or should the law adapt to the challenge of this global trend? This article will start this study from the case of Chinese wind energy development.China is one of the fastest-growing countries in the world for renewable energy. Although the large-scale development of wind energy started in 2000, China's wind power installed capacity reached 300 million kilowatts by 2021, and power generation accounted for about 7% of the total electricity consumption . This year's installed capacity of coal power is approximately 1 billion kilowatts, but its power generation accounted for 71.27% of the whole country . Two energy sources with three times the difference in installed capacity have ten times the difference in power generation. Why is China's electricity market so biased towards traditional energy? How did the large-scale wind curtailment in China occur? And what role should the law play in China's energy transition game to adapt and regulate the development of the electricity market and guide China's energy transition?This paper will use game theory to analyze China's power pricing system and the operation of China's national electricity transmission grid, so as to explore how the law has and should adapt to China's renewable energy development under its unique power market system and power administrative management system, to minimize the rent-seeking behavior generated in power transmission and support the development of wind energy. This paper will propose solutions to the problem of wind curtailment in China's energy transition from a legal adaptation perspective and provide a reference for other countries.

Wind energy in China: policy options for development

The paper presents the research results of energy, ecological, operational, economic and social efficiency of renewable energy (photovoltaic (PV) and wind power) and comparison results of renewable and traditional energy efficiency. It is established that wind and PV power stations are more effective, than thermal stations; their ecological efficiency is considerably higher, than that of thermal stations; the use of PV and wind power stations increases social stability.

In recent years, the wind power and photovoltaic power generation industries in China have witnessed rapid development. However, with the downward pressure on the national economy and the slowdown in the growth of electricity demand, consumptive problem of renewable energy has been gradually deteriorating. In this paper, firstly, the ways of local consumption model of wind and photovoltaic power and the demand-side response cost function based on demand side response are analyzed. Then the Local Consumption Model of Wind and Photovoltaic Power Based on Demand Side Response is established. The model takes the social benefit maximization as the objective function, considering a variety of necessary constraints, using lingo software programming to solve. Finally, this paper takes Gansu Province as an example to find the optimal solution in different seasons. There is some guidance in China's wind power and photovoltaic power consumption.

This study presents a technoeconomic analysis of a hybrid wind‐PV (photovoltaic) power plant (HPP) compared to onshore wind power plants (WPPs) and photovoltaic power plants (PVPPs) in the Nordic electricity market, focusing on locations in Finland and Sweden. Wind power capacity has recently increased significantly in the Nordics, increasing the profit cannibalization of wind power. Renewable energy subsidies have been phased out in Finland and Sweden, thus new wind and PV power value creation is formed from the power market. The PV power capacity has also encountered significant growth in the Nordics. However, the capacity is still relatively low, allowing more revenue for produced PV power compared to wind power. The lower PV power profit cannibalization has increased interest in HPPs instead of WPPs. This contribution studies the economic feasibility of wind and PV power in changing market conditions in the Nordic electricity market. The market operation is modeled with three different configurations including selling all the power into the day ahead spot market and baseload or pay‐as‐produced power purchase agreement (PPA). In addition, a battery energy storage system (BESS) investment is analyzed using the operating strategy of shifting production to more profitable spot price hours. This study shows that due to the profit cannibalization and high cost of capital, the power plants are currently not profitable in the Nordic electricity market except when the bidding area has high average spot prices. The worst profitability was with WPPs when exposed to the market shape risk and with PVPPs when pay‐as‐produced PPA was agreed upon due to the higher levelized cost of electricity. However, the PV power profit cannibalization is expected to increase in the future as more PVPPs operate in the Nordic power market. Thus, the PVPP shape risk may increase in the future as well.

Iran, endowed with abundant renewable and non-renewable energy resources, particularly non-renewable resources, faces challenges such as air pollution, climate change and energy security. As a leading exporter and consumer of fossil fuels, it is also attempting to use renewable energy as part of its energy mix toward energy security and sustainability. Due to its favorable geographic characteristics, Iran has diverse and accessible renewable sources, which provide appropriate substitutes to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Therefore, this study aims to examine trends in energy demand, policies and development of renewable energies and the causal relationship between renewable and non-renewable energies and economic growth using two methodologies. This study first reviews the current state of energy and energy policies and then employs Granger causality analysis to test the relationships between the variables considered. Results showed that renewable energy technologies currently do not have a significant and adequate role in the energy supply of Iran. To encourage the use of renewable energy, especially in electricity production, fuel diversification policies and development program goals were introduced in the late 2000s and early 2010s. Diversifying energy resources is a key pillar of Iran’s new plan. In addition to solar and hydropower, biomass from the municipal waste from large cities and other agricultural products, including fruits, can be used to generate energy and renewable sources. While present policies indicate the incorporation of sustainable energy sources, further efforts are needed to offset the use of fossil fuels. Moreover, the study predicts that with the production capacity of agricultural products in 2018, approximately 4.8 billion liters of bioethanol can be obtained from crop residues and about 526 thousand tons of biodiesel from oilseeds annually. Granger’s causality analysis also shows that there is a unidirectional causal relationship between economic growth to renewable and non-renewable energy use. Labor force and gross fixed capital formation cause renewable energy consumption, and nonrenewable energy consumption causes renewable energy consumption.

In recent years, the growth rate of wind power in China installed capacity has tended to be sta-ble, and the competition among wind power equipment manufacturers has become increasingly fierce. In order to analyze the industrial performance of wind power in China, the paper summarized the status quo of China’s wind power, and then used the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model to analyze the industrial performance of China’s wind power from 2010 to 2014. We found that: during the analysis period, the industrial performance of wind power equipment manufacturing was best in 2010. Due to fierce competition between wind turbines manufacturers, the industrial performance was in the declining trend in the next three years. By 2014, the performance increased again, but did not reach the best state. Besides, the technical efficiency has been better than scale efficiency. 1 INSTRUCTION With the adjustment of energy structure, the renewable energy, especially the wind power, was facing a historic opportunity for development in China. In recent years, wind power industry itself has been also in the state of constant adjustment. The scale of projects approval, equipment tendering and projects construction of the wind power all has bigger growth. Besides, the grid-connected and integration issues of China’s wind power were also alleviated, due to the construction of UHV grid and the implementation of interconnection policy and subsidies policy. Therefore, the installed capacity of wind power in China maintained a rapid growth. At present, the market concentration degree of wind power manufacturing industry in China has been in a downward trend, but it is still higher [Yuanxin Liu, 2015]. According to the new installed capacity situation, the domestic market shares of the top 20 wind turbine manufacturers were about 90%. Although the market demand of domestic wind power grew steadily, the competition between wind power manufacturers was still fierce, and the overcapacity problem of wind power industry was stall serious. Both fierce competition and overcapacity have important influence on the industrial efficiency, so it is significant to research on the industrial performance of China’s wind power. In recent years, large numbers of scholars researched the China’s wind power industry from different aspects, such as wind power price and policy [Ping Lu, 2013] [Ting-Ting Mi, 2012], development bottleneck [Zhao Dong, 2009] [Hua BAI, 2012], sustainable development [Zheng-ming WANG, 2008] [Weidong Shi, 2011]and wind power industry innovation [Yuanying CHI, 2008] [Jorrit Gosens, 2013]. The research literatures of China’s wind Power industry have been comprehensive. Based on the exiting research literatures, the paper adopted the DEA model to analyze the industrial performance of China’s wind power.

Energy Plan-based Planning and Modeling for Renewable Energy System in Beijing

An Ecological Context That Scars: Reflections on Three Nature Documentaries of 2020