Abstract
The chemical properties and energy levels of Al∕LiF∕Alq3 were investigated via high-resolution synchrotron-radiation photoemission spectroscopy. No clear chemical reaction was found with LiF deposited on Alq3. The core-level spectra show that Li+ ion and Alq3 anion are created only after Al is deposited on LiF∕Alq3 surfaces. Combined with the increase of the electron concentrations indicated by the Fermi-level position in valence-band spectra, the results provide direct evidence of the proposed chemical reaction, 3LiF+Al+3Alq3→AlF3+3Li+Alq3−, which leads to the excellent electron injection efficiency in Al∕LiF∕Alq3.
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