Abstract
This study provides, for the first time, a state-of-the-art review of different theoretical-conceptual approaches for the energy recovery and optimization of capacitive and membrane capacitive deionization (CDI/MCDI) technology. Different electrical models are presented to characterize the energy storage and energy losses in CDI/MCDI cells and different energy DC/DC converters required for the energy recovery process. Results from experimental and modeling energy recovery studies of CDI/MCDI in the last decade are tabulated and discussed. The impact of major operating parameters (feed flow rate, water recovery, charging mode, charging and discharging currents, and feed salt concentration) on energy recovery of CDI/MCDI performance are discussed and evaluated. Finally, future developments and challenges in the energy recovery and optimization of CDI/MCDI are identified.
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