ENERGY RECOVERY FROM ANIMAL MANURE: BIOGAS POTENTIAL OF BURDUR, TURKEY

Continuous growth in global energy demand, depletion of fossil resources and climate change concerns associated with fossil fuel combustion have increased the motivation on utilization of renewable energy sources. Utilization of renewable sources is vital in Turkey as the country highly depends on imported energy. Biogas is a renewable energy resource produced from decomposing organic waste under anaerobic conditions. Production of biogas from organic wastes such as animal manure is advantageous to contribute renewable energy production and waste management strategies for health and environmental protection. In this study, the animal manure based biogas energy potential of the Mediterranean Region of Turkey is determined. The region is composed of eight provinces including Antalya, Burdur, Isparta, Mersin, Adana, Hatay, Osmaniye and Kahramanmaraş. The results revealed that Mediterranean Region has 183 Mm3 annual biogas potential corresponding to 0.08 MTOE/year energy generation capacity. Co-digestion of agricultural residues can contribute to about 0.208 MTOE/year energy generation. It is determined that biogas production can contribute reduction of carbon footprint by 1.7 million tons of annual CO2 emissions. Mersin Province has shown the highest biogas potential in the region.

Kuantan Singingi Regency is one of the ruminant-producing districts in Riau Province. Koto Simandolak Village, located in Benai District, Kuantan Singingi Regency, the majority of the people work as farmers. Generally, farmers in Koto Simandolak Village cultivate livestock traditionally, namely by releasing them to the wild. This condition causes several problems including livestock manure, pollution of the village environment, and conflicts with residents. This problem can be solved if the farmer wants to keep the cattle. By holding cattle, the manure will be collected directly in the cage. Animal manure can be processed and used in biogas and organic fertilizer. The Research and Community Services Team of Universitas Riau saw the potential for utilizing livestock manure waste in Koto Simandolak Village. The Team conducts training and assistance in the installation of biogas reactors as well as training and mentoring in the biogas production process using livestock manure. Another output of biogas production is organic fertilizer. The ultimate goal of this service activity is to increase the income of the target community, namely through increasing livestock production, biogas production, and organic fertilizer production.

In recent years, the utilization of manure resources for livestock and poultry farming has attracted a widespread attention, and manure resources utilization models suitable for different regional characteristics have formed gradually. Among them, the production of organic fertilizer from animal manure is a vital utilization method. However, there are still some problems such as high production costs, difficult sales, and the unwillingness of farmers to use organic fertilizers which have affected the breeding cycle and the sustainability of manure treatment in livestock and poultry breeding. This article selected 371 organic fertilizer plants, related farms and farmers in China, focusing on the main links of the entire process of livestock manure-organic fertilizer-farm application, and studied the mode of animal manure collection by organic fertilizer plants. The costs of organic fertilizer production and farmland application were discussed. Moreover, suggestions were made for the promotion and implementation of large-scale organic fertilizers to make good utilization of manure resources in livestock and poultry farming. Keywords: livestock manure, organic fertilizer, compost, production cost, application cost DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20201302. Citation: Dong S S, Sui B, Shen Y J, Meng H B, Zhao L X, Ding J T, et al. Investigation and analysis of the linkage mechanism and whole process cost of livestock manure organic fertilizer. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2020; 13(2): 223–227.

MASARO technology presents a solution in solving the waste problem through an organic waste processing unit, known as IPPO (Organic Fertilizer and Feed Industry). The Masaro system characterises solid waste into five catagories including organic waste, low value plastic waste, incenerated waste, recycled waste, and hazardous waste. The organic waste will be separated into an organic fast-decaying waste to produce POCI (Special Liquid Organic Fertilizer) and KOCI (Special Liquid Organic Concentrate), and an organic slow-decaying waste to produce a compost. POCI is used as an organic fertilizer and its farming produces a higher production number, higher quality product, faster production rate while its production cost is lower. KOCI and compost is applied in the farm industry where the organic waste with low economic value is used as a raw material to produce new materials with higher economic value. These products can produce an environmentally friendly system and reflect the circular economy principle application. The organic waste is used as raw material for IPPO and its products form a circular economy through aplication in the farm industry that create lower cost production and sustainable development.

Biogas production from waste materials has emerged as a promising avenue for sustainable energy generation, offering a dual benefit of waste management and renewable energy production. The selection and preparation of waste feedstocks, including agricultural residues, food waste, animal manure, and municipal solid wastes, are important for this process, while the microbial communities are majorly responsible for bioconversions. This review explores the role of complex microbial communities and their functions responsible for the anaerobic digestion of wastes. It covers the crucial physiological processes including hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis, elucidating the microbial activities and metabolic pathways involved in the prospects of improving the efficiency of biogas production. This article further discusses the influence of recent progress in molecular techniques, including genomics, metagenomics, meta-transcriptomics, and stable isotope probing. These advancements have greatly improved our understanding of microbial communities and their capabilities of biogas production from waste materials. The integration of these techniques with process monitoring and control strategies has been elaborated to offer possibilities for optimizing biogas production and ensuring process stability. Microbial additives, co-digestion of diverse feedstocks, and process optimization through microbial community engineering have been discussed as effective approaches to enhance the efficiency of biogas production. This review also outlines the emerging trends and future prospects in microbial-based biogas production, including the utilization of synthetic biology tools for engineering novel microbial strains and consortia, harnessing microbiomes from extreme environments, and integrating biogas production with other biotechnological processes. While there are several reviews regarding the technical aspects of biogas production, this article stands out by offering up-to-date insights and recommendations for leveraging the potential of microbial communities, and their physiological roles for efficient biogas production. These insights emphasize the pivotal role of microbes in enhancing biogas production, ultimately contributing to the advancement of a sustainable and carbon-neutral future.

BackgroundThe prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in animal manure poses a threat to environmental safety. Organic fertilizers fermented by livestock and poultry manure are directly applied to farmland and have the potential to cause outbreaks of bacterial resistance in agricultural environments. This study investigated the composition of ARGs in different animal manures and their derived organic fertilizers.ResultsThe results showed that the abundance of several ARGs, such as sul2, TetB-01, TetG-01 and TetM-01, in organic fertilizer samples was 12–96% lower than that in animal manure. However, the abundance of TetK and ermC was higher in animal manure than in organic fertilizers. No correlation between ARGs and environmental factors such as pH, TN, and antibiotics was observed by redundancy analysis (RDA). Procrustes analysis revealed a significant correlation between bacterial community structures and ARG abundance (r = 0.799, p < 0.01). Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis suggested that microorganisms in organic fertilizer may be derived from animal manure. Additionally, the abundance of pathogenic bacteria (especially Actinomadura) would increase rather than decrease in manure compared to organic fertilizer.ConclusionThe diversity and abundance of most ARGs significantly decreased from animal manure to organic fertilizer. Microorganisms in the prepared organic fertilizer may mainly be inherited from the animal manure. The results also showed that the pathogens in the prepared organic fertilizer would significantly reduce, but would still cause partial pathogen proliferation.

Microbial chain elongation based on methanol

در راستای توسعه کشاورزی پایدار، آزمایشی به منظور بررسی اثر منابع مختلف کود (کود سبز، کود دامی و کود شیمیایی) بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد ذرت دانه ای، تحت تأثیر مدیریت های مختلف خاک ورزی، به صورت کرت های یک بار خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی زهک طی دو سال زراعی 1392-1391 و 1393-1392 به اجرا در آمد. جو به عنوان کود سبز قبل از کشت ذرت در پاییز هر سال کشت شد. سیستم خاک ورزی به عنوان عامل اصلی در دو سطح شامل: خاک ورزی متداول و بدون خاک ورزی و منابع کودی شامل: 1- شاهد ( بدون مصرف کود)، 2- کود سبز جو بدون مصرف کود دامی و شیمیایی،3- کود سبز جو همراه با مصرف کامل کود شیمیایی به جو ، 4- کود سبز جو به همراه دو سوم کود شیمیایی به جو و یک سوم باقی مانده به ذرت، 5- کود سبز جو به همراه یک سوم کود شیمیایی به جو و دو سوم باقی مانده به ذرت، 6- کود سبز جو به همراه مخلوط نصف کود دامی و شیمیایی و 7- کود سبز جو به همراه 40 تن کود دامی به عنوان عامل فرعی بودند. نتایج به دست آمده نشان داد که سال، منابع مختلف کود و سیستم خاک ورزی اثر معنی دار بر ارتفاع بوته، طول بلال، تعداد دانه در ردیف، وزن هزار دانه، شاخص برداشت و عملکرد دانه در هکتار داشت. بیشترین عملکرد دانه در سیستم خاک ورزی متداول با میانگین 85/6057 کیلوگرم در هکتار به دست آمد. بیشترین مقدار عملکرد دانه از تیمار کود سبز جو به همراه مخلوط نصف کود دامی و شیمیایی با میانگین 7019 کیلوگرم در هکتار به دست آمد. برهمکنش سال در سیستم خاک ورزی در منبع کود نشان داد که بیشترین عملکرد در سال دوم در سیستم خاک ورزی متداول و در تیمار 6 با میانگین عملکرد 9400 کیلوگرم در هکتار حاصل شد. بر اساس نتایج به دست آمده از این تحقیق می توان نتیجه گیری کرد که استفاده از کود سبز به همراه مخلوط کردن کود دامی و شیمیایی همراه با سیستم خاک ورزی متداول ضمن دستیابی به عملکرد بالا فوایدی چون کاهش مصرف کود شیمیایی و حفظ محیط زیست را به دنبال خواهد داشت.

The generation of waste is an inseparable element of human functioning. Among all produced waste, biodegradable waste plays a specific role. This is because waste is formed in every area, every day. One of the methods of biodegradable waste management is the anaerobic digestion process. The product of the discussed process is biogas, which is a source of sustainable and renewable energy. Anaerobic digestion is a biochemical process consisting of four phases: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. As a result of numerous changes, biogas is produced from various substrates rich in organic matter. The advantage of biogas is its many possible uses. The biogas can be used to produce electricity and heat in cogeneration and it can be used as fuel for vehicles or pump to the natural gas grid after purification to biomethane. The paper will include, among others, such information as: construction and operation of biogas plant, biogas production process, substrates and product of anaerobic digestion process, the use of biogas taking into account the possible use in sustainable mobility. Special attention has been targeted at environmental aspects of biogas production and management. The production of renewable energy following sustainable development is one of the tools in the fight against global warming. The effect of rational biodegradable waste management will be energy production, directly related to reducing of the amount of waste intended for landfills. Biogas is a renewable energy source with many advantages. Its production fits perfectly into the activities of sustainable development. Therefore, the growth of the biogas market is expected all over the world.KeywordsRenewable energyBiofuelsBiogasWaste managementEnvironmental protectionSustainable mobilityCircular economy

Organic waste has high COD and BOD content, so it is dangerous if disposed of directly into the environment. Organic waste processing, such as waste from livestock manure and liquid tofu waste, requires a process that can reduce COD and BOD levels as well as produce valuable products. Anaerobic digestion method is the proper process to convert complex compounds in waste into simpler compounds with methanogenic bacteria into a renewable energy product, namely biogas. On the other hand, the anaerobic digestion process can reduce COD and BOD levels in the biogas formation process. This study uses raw materials such as cow manure and chicken manure, and liquid tofu waste. The variables that produced the largest biogas were those with a ratio of 70% cow dung, 15% chicken manure, and 15% tofu liquid waste with a total of 3,251.5 mL. Then, the COD and BOD levels decreased significantly with more than 98% COD removal, and more than 95% BOD removal in all variables at the end of the anaerobic digestion process.

This study investigated the use of anaerobic biodigestion as an ecological technique for treating organic waste in urban solid waste. Biogas production is carried out through the action of microorganisms, and the use of enzymatic hydrolysis can increase biogas production, although it presents economic challenges. The aim of the study was to pre-select microbiological groups and enzymes to optimize the process and increase biogas production using statistical tools. Organic waste from a restaurant and sludge from a sewage treatment plant in Brazil were used, and three bacterial strains and 12 groups of microorganisms, as well as commercial enzymes, were evaluated. The study was divided into four stages to reduce the number of independent variables and increase the accuracy of methane and biogas production results. The results indicated that careful selection of microbial groups had a significant positive impact on biogas and methane production. The interaction between pre-selected groups of microorganisms and enzymes resulted in significant positive effects on cumulative biogas and biometane production. The study concluded that careful selection of microbial groups is essential to maximize biogas production and the efficiency of the anaerobic digestion process. Further, a more detailed identification of microorganisms and their interactions is needed to further optimize biogas production. In general, the appropriate choice of microbial groups is fundamental to the success of anaerobic digestion and biogas production.

The people in Lingkuang Aua village make their living in agriculture, plantation, and animal husbandry. However, the people in this Nagari have not optimized the village's potential, especially in the field of animal husbandry, including livestock manure waste. Animal manure has the potential to be processed as organic fertilizer. Fertilizer is a commodity that is needed in the agricultural and plantation sectors. In Lingkuang Aur village, the use of chemical fertilizers is still high in the West Pasaman area. However, the price of chemical fertilizers is costly, and even excessive use can damage soil fertility. Organic fertilizers are fertilizers derived from crop residues and livestock manure that have undergone a decomposition/weathering process. The advantages of this fertilizer are environmentally friendly, increase soil fertility, and increase farmers' income. This activity aims to provide knowledge and understanding for farmers in processing livestock manure into organic fertilizer. The methods used are socialization, demonstration/training, and evaluation. The targets of the activity are breeders and the community in Nagari Lingkuang Aur. This activity provides a technology package for making organic fertilizers based on cow dung and EM4, as well as the addition of organic matter found in this village. The result of this activity is that breeders and the community have increased their knowledge and understanding of processing livestock manure into organic fertilizer. The use of organic fertilizers can increase soil fertility, and the price is low, which provides benefits for farmers/breeders. It is hoped that farmers and breeders can apply organic fertilizers to agricultural land to reduce the high price of fertilizers.

Globally, the pollution prevention goals transposed in the Kyoto Protocol, require sustainable solutions regarding the management of organic waste from both agricultural, and livestock farms. Biogas production by anaerobic digestion of organic wastes and residues provides a range of socio-economic benefits, but also environmental, thus contributing to monitoring the complex relationship between human health and the environment. The European Union policies regarding renewable energy systems (Europe 2020 Strategy – A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth and Green Paper „Towards a European strategy for the security of energy supply“), highlights that the production of renewable energy, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and a sustainable waste management, are essential for sustainable development in the future. In this context, this paper will review aspects of biogas production by anaerobic digestion of organic waste, stages of anaerobic digestion process and concepts of biogas plants used in European countries.

Anaerobic digestion of manure and crops provides the possibility of a combined production of renewable energy and organic fertilizer on organic farms and has been suggested as an option to improve sustainability of organic agriculture. In the present study, the consequences of implementation of anaerobic digestion and biogas production were analyzed on a 1000 ha model farm with combined dairy and cash crop production, representing organic agriculture in Denmark. The effects on crop rotation, nitrogen flows and losses, yield, energy balance and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were evaluated for four scenarios of biogas production on the farm. Animal manure was digested for biogas production in all scenarios and was supplemented with: (1) 100 ha grass–clover for biogas, (2) 100 ha maize for biogas, (3) 200 ha grass–clover for biogas and reduced number of livestock, and (4) 200 ha grass–clover for biogas, reduced number of livestock and import of biomass from cuttings made in ungrazed meadows. These four scenarios were compared with the current situation in organic agriculture in Denmark and to a situation where slurry from conventional agriculture is no longer imported. Implementation of anaerobic digestion changed the nitrogen flows on the farm by increasing the slurry nitrogen plant availability and introducing new nitrogen sources from legume-based energy crops or meadows. The amount of nitrogen available for application as fertilizer on the farm increased when grass–clover was used for biogas production, but decreased when maize was used. Since part of the area was used for biogas production, the total output of foodstuffs from the farm was decreased. Effects on GHG emissions and net energy production were assessed by use of the whole-farm model FarmGHG. A positive farm energy balance was obtained for all biogas scenarios, showing that biomass production for biogas on 10% of the farm area results in an energy surplus, provided that the heat from the electricity production is utilized. The energy surplus implies a displacement of fossil fuels and thereby reduced CO2emission from the farm. Emissions of N2O were not affected substantially by biogas production. Total emissions of methane (CH4) were slightly decreased due to a 17–48% decrease in emissions from the manure store. Net GHG emission was reduced by 35–85% compared with the current situation in organic agriculture. It was concluded that production of biogas on organic farms holds the possibility for the farms to achieve a positive energy balance, provide self-sufficiency with organic fertilizer nitrogen, and reduce GHG emissions.

Mapping of biogas production potential from livestock manures and slaughterhouse waste: A case study for African countries