Abstract
Energy management for energy harvesting-based embedded systems (EHES) is an emerging field, which aims to collect renewable energy from the environment to power an embedded system. In this work, we use the systematic mapping method to study the relevant literature, with the objective of exploring and analysing the state of the art in energy management for EHES, as well as to provide assistance for subsequent literature reviews. To this end, we conducted extensive searches to find articles related to energy harvesting, embedded systems, energy consumption, and energy management. We searched for papers from January 2005 to July 2019 from three mainstream databases, ACM, IEEE Xplore, and Web of Science, and found more than 3000 papers about EHES. Finally, we selected 142 eligible papers. We have completed the system mapping research from five aspects, namely, (1) research type (validation research, evaluation research, solution proposal, philosophical paper, opinion, and experience), (2) research goals (application or theory), (3) application scenarios, (4) tools or methods, and (5) paper distribution, such as publication year and authors’ nationality. The results showed that the major research type of the EHES papers is validation research, accounting for 65%, which indicated research is still in the theoretical stage and many researchers focus on how to improve the efficiency of harvesting energy, develop a reasonable energy supply plan, and adapt EHES for real-world requirements. Furthermore, this work reviews the tools used for EHES. As the future development direction, it is indispensable to provide tools to EHES for research, testing, development, and so on. The results of our analysis provide significant contributions to understanding the existing knowledge and highlighting potential future research opportunities in the EHES field.
Highlights
With an increase of network speed and hardware computing capabilities, many recent studies have focused on IoTand AI.e number of intelligent terminals, which are essential for the Internet of ings and artificial intelligence, has risen rapidly [1, 2]
RQ2: What Are the Research Goals? We identified four principal research goals, based on all selected studies. e first involved the method of collecting energy, which mainly studied novel methods to enhance the energy conversion rate or how to improve existing methods to enhance the energy conversion rate or increase energy harvesting efficiency. e second was about energy scheduling, involving how to effectively use the collected energy to supply the system to run and store power. e third was about battery strategies, which are important for the efficiency of battery storage. e fourth was about applications, focusing on using a variety of renewable energies to drive some sensors or support autonomous supply systems to achieve permanent operations
Battery-powered embedded devices have been widely used in various intelligent terminals
Summary
With an increase of network speed and hardware computing capabilities, many recent studies have focused on IoTand AI.e number of intelligent terminals, which are essential for the Internet of ings and artificial intelligence, has risen rapidly [1, 2]. Erefore, the arbitrary use of such devices will reduce battery life which, in turn, decides the terminal life. In this situation, some solutions have been proposed to reduce energy consumption, to a certain extent, such as dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) [3,4,5] and dynamic power management [6,7,8]. One method to address this issue is to use rechargeable batteries. In order to address this issue, researchers have used the renewable energy of the surrounding environment to harvest energy (e.g., a photovoltaic array embedded under the eye’s conjunctiva coverts incident solar energy into electrical energy to be stored in a battery [10]).
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