Abstract
The charging infrastructure plays a key role in the healthy and rapid development of the electric vehicle industry. This paper presents an energy management and control system of an electric vehicle charging station. The charging station (CS) is integrated to a grid-connected hybrid power system having a wind turbine maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controlled subsystem, photovoltaic (PV) MPPT controlled subsystem and a controlled solid oxide fuel cell with electrolyzer subsystem which are characterized as renewable energy sources. In this article, an energy management system is designed for charging and discharging of five different plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) simultaneously to fulfil the grid-to-vehicle (G2V), vehicle-to-grid (V2G), grid-to-battery storage system (G2BSS), battery storage system-to-grid (BSS2G), battery storage system-to-vehicle (BSS2V), vehicle-to-battery storage system (V2BSS) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) charging and discharging requirements of the charging station. A simulation test-bed in Matlab/Simulink is developed to evaluate and control adaptively the AC-DC-AC converter of non-renewable energy source, DC-DC converters of the storage system, DC-AC grid side inverter and the converters of the CS using adaptive proportional-integral-derivate (AdapPID) control paradigm. The effectiveness of the AdapPID control strategy is validated through simulation results by comparing with conventional PID control scheme.
Highlights
In the world today, fossil fuels are the dominant energy sources for power generation, but the depletion of fossil fuel reserves along with growing environmental concerns have been a wake-up call for finding the alternative energy sources
All the energy sources are modeled for the accumulative dynamic residential and charging station load
The hourly basis wind speed (m/s), irradiance (W/m2 ) and ambient temperature (◦ C) levels are recorded by the Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD)
Summary
Fossil fuels are the dominant energy sources for power generation, but the depletion of fossil fuel reserves along with growing environmental concerns have been a wake-up call for finding the alternative energy sources. The energy management and appropriate control for PHEVs charging station integrated into a grid-connected HPS are the potential areas of concern [11,12]. Numerous conventional techniques are used to control charging/discharging of PHEVs in a HPS These conventional techniques involve quadratic programming and dynamic programming [27], mixed integer programming [24], linear programming [28] and proportional-integral (PI) control [29]. An adaptive proportional-integral-derivate (AdapPID) control paradigm is proposed for charging/discharging of PHEVs in a CS integrated to a grid-connected HPS having a wind turbine. To design an adaptive control paradigm for a non-renewable energy source (micro-turbine), storage system (battery and super-capacitor), grid side inverter and the charging station (CS converter, battery storage system (BSS), PHEVs).
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