Abstract
Ad-hoc and sensor networks are composed of small, low-power devices, which can connect between themselves without the help of an infrastructure. Research in this area has been both extensive and intensive and is still very far from exhaustion. Our work in this area is aimed at developing a new type of communication between groups of modules capable of connecting clusters (groups) of devices which are separated by distances greater than the maximum transmission range of the devices themselves, without the help of relays or signal repeaters. In this paper we study the energy requirements for bidirectional communication between two clusters separated by a distance greater than the maximum transmission range of the modules, in the classic way (with the use of repeaters or relays) and by applying distributed phase-shift beamforming.
Highlights
Phase-shift beamforming is a method extensively used in radio networks, in which devices are equipped with multiple antennas
2, meaning that the overall energy consumption beamforming presented in case
Antenna gain: 1.5 dBi isotropic;
Summary
Phase-shift beamforming is a method extensively used in radio networks, in which devices are equipped with multiple antennas. By injecting in each antenna element a signal slightly shifted in phase (delayed), because the signals travel slightly different distances towards the receiver, for a favourable phase combination, the two signals will meet at the receiver in phase and will have energy higher than each of the signals taken separately Such antenna systems (or antenna arrays) have been named “smart antennas” because, based on this method, the radiation pattern of the transmitter antenna array can be modified — making its signal stronger or weaker in desired directions — without physically orienting the device, just by modifying the phase of the signals coming to each antenna element. Such a mechanism has already been proposed in [6], [7], [8] and [1], these papers ignore the fact that crystals are not perfect and phase synchronisation between the modules is lost due to the clock being slightly faster at one module than the other
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