Abstract
Energy optimization for periodic applications running on safety/time-critical time-triggered multiprocessor systems has been studied recently. An interesting feature of the applications on the systems is that some tasks are strictly periodic while others are non-strictly periodic, i.e., the start time interval between any two successive instances of the same task is not fixed as long as task deadlines can be met. Energy-efficient scheduling of such applications on the systems has, however, been rarely investigated. In this paper, we focus on the problem of static scheduling multiple periodic applications consisting of both strictly and non-strictly periodic tasks on safety/time-critical time-triggered multiprocessor systems for energy minimization. The challenge of the problem is that both strictly and non-strictly periodic tasks must be intelligently addressed in scheduling to optimize energy consumption. We introduce a new practical task model to characterize the unique feature of specific tasks, and formulate the energy-efficient scheduling problem based on the model. Then, an improved Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) method is proposed to obtain the optimal scheduling solution by considering strict and non-strict periodicity of the specific tasks. To decrease the high complexity of MILP, we also develop a heuristic algorithm to efficiently find a high-quality solution in reasonable time. Extensive evaluation results demonstrate the proposed MILP and heuristic methods can on average achieve about 14.21% and 13.76% energy-savings respectively compared with existing work.
Highlights
Multiprocessor architecture such as Multi-Processor System-on-Chip (MPSoC) are increasingly believed to be the major solution for an embedded cloud computing system due to high computing power and parallelism
We study the energy-efficient scheduling problem arising from the requirements of safety-related real-time applications when deployed in the context of cloud computing embedded platforms
We focus on the problem of static scheduling multiple periodic applications consisting of both strictly and non-strictly periodic tasks on safety/time-critical time-triggered MPSoCs for energy optimization by employing the two powerful techniques: Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) and PMM
Summary
Multiprocessor architecture such as Multi-Processor System-on-Chip (MPSoC) are increasingly believed to be the major solution for an embedded cloud computing system due to high computing power and parallelism. There is an ongoing trend that diverse emerging safety-critical real-time applications, such as automotive, computer vision, data collection and control applications are running simultaneously on the MPSoCs [1]. For these safety-related applications, it is imperative that deadlines should be strongly guaranteed. Due to the strong timing requirements and needed predictability guarantees, real-time cloud computing is a complex problem [2]. To satisfy the timing requirement, task scheduling typically relies on an offline schedule based on the Electronics 2018, 7, 98; doi:10.3390/electronics7060098 www.mdpi.com/journal/electronics
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