Abstract
The study was conducted on input energy consumption for wheat production in irrigated condition at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The results revealed that the highest input energy requirement of 15682.9 MJha-1was recorded for conventional tillage (CT) compared 13189.4, 12467.6 and 12467.6 MJha-1 for rotavator (RT), happy seeder (HS) and zero tillage (ZT), respectively. Nitrogen (N) application showed a positive relationship with input energy consumption and highest of 18297.0 MJha-1 was recorded with 150 kg Nha-1 compared 15164.5, 13651.3, 6694.7 MJha-1 for 0, 100 and 125 kg Nha-1, respectively. The main source of input energy use was fertilizer and irrigation. The higher share of direct and non-renewable input energy consumption was recorded in CT and indirect and renewable input energy consumption was higher in HS, ZT and RT. Direct & renewable and indirect & non-renewable input energy showed a negative and positive relationship with N rates. CT wheat with 150 kg Nha-1 produced the highest total output energy. The results showed that the highest 10.48, 0.38 kgMJ-1 and 3.96 MJkg-1 of output: input ratio, energy productivity and energy specific under ZT, ZT and CT, respectively. However, the maximum NPK energy equivalent in biomass was recorded in CT. Input: output ratio, energy productivity and NPK energy equivalent showed negative relationship and energy specific showed a positive relation with N rates. CT showed the higher net gain of energy compared to direct drilling methods as ZT, HS and RT.
Highlights
From the era of Green Revolution, energy consumption has increased tremendously in agriculture and farming has become very energy intensive
The fertilizer and irrigation water showed the maximum share of energy consumption in wheat production (Table 2 and 3).The fertilizer and irrigation had 67.9 and 30.7 % share of the total input energy consumption in case of happy seeder and zero tillage but it was 64.2 & 29.0 and 54.0 & 24.4% rotavator and conventional tillage wheat, respectively and rest of the other inputs
The supply of 150 kg Nha-1 to the crop sown with zero tillage and happy seeder showed the highest grain output energy which was significantly more than the other treatment combinations
Summary
From the era of Green Revolution, energy consumption has increased tremendously in agriculture and farming has become very energy intensive. Conducted to know the energy consumption patterns in different crops and cropping systems at different situations all over the world[7,14,17] and all of them show the importance of how energy resources are used. It was evaluated the changes in wheat-maize energy consumption in India[7] and reported that the average values of energy consumption for wheat in low and high hills were 41.68 and 110.8 MJ/ha and for maize were 43.43 and 81.33 MJ/ha, respectively. The average use of operational energy was 1028 MJ/ha for rain-fed wheat production. In another study found that wheat crop utilized a total of 38356.39
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