Energy, carbon, and cost analysis of rural housing retrofit in different climates

Abstract

A large portion of rural residential buildings in developing countries neglecting climate and the low construction quality has resulted in high-energy consumption in this sector. Besides, low economic power and awareness make it difficult to invest in energy upgrades in rural areas. Therefore, low-cost energy retrofit strategies are required to reduce energy levels and improve occupants living conditions while minimizing adverse environmental effects. This study aims to define optimum retrofit strategies for rural buildings based on their economic viability, environmental impact, and comfort benefits in the form of a multi-criteria decision support tool for retrofit projects in four represented climates of Iran.Three groups of retrofit strategies (architectural, constructional, and renewable) are modelled in four actual rural buildings in different climates. Environmental, economic, and comfort performance of each strategy is calculated via different indices by dynamic simulations. Energy consumption, carbon emission and cost (ECC) analysis are carried out. Different active and passive retrofit measures are evaluated via ECC.The main result of this study is a multi-criteria decision making tool for prioritizing retrofitting strategies in rural houses in different climates. According to results, the primary energy demand is reduced between 46 and 55%, the carbon emission is reduced between 40 and 51%, and thermal comfort levels are improved up to 23% in different climate zones.In line with the current market prices of Iran (high construction costs and low energy prices due to energy subsidies), the payback time for retrofit actions is not very appealing for the building owners. Thus, subsidizing should be dedicated to refurbishment strategies instead of energy. Also, widespread governmental supported programs should be administrated to educate and improve awareness, especially in low-income areas.