Abstract
The broadening of electron energy by the transit time effect is analysed for two types of electron guns, a planar triode gun and a pulsed field emission gun whose grid or first-anode potential is modulated by a pulse. In the calculation, the potential is assumed to be quasi-static and the equation of motion is normalised to the transit angle. When the switching time constant of the pulse voltage is comparable with the transit time, the energy broadening by the transit time effect is large. When the variation of the potential during the electron transit is slow enough, the energy deviation is of the same order as that variation. The current bunching and the energy spectrum are also calculated for the pulsed field emission gun used in stroboscopic TEM, and it is shown that the transit time effect might become a limiting factor as regards the pulse width.
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