Abstract
Power consumption is a primary concern in modern servers and data centers. Due to varying in workload types and intensities, different servers may have a different energy efficiency (EE) and energy proportionality (EP) even while having the same hardware configuration (i.e., central processing unit (CPU) generation and memory installation). For example, CPU frequency scaling and memory modules voltage scaling can significantly affect the server’s energy efficiency. In conventional virtualized data centers, the virtual machine (VM) scheduler packs VMs to servers until they saturate, without considering their energy efficiency and EP differences. In this paper we propose EASE, the Energy efficiency and proportionality Aware VM SchEduling framework containing data collection and scheduling algorithms. In the EASE framework, each server’s energy efficiency and EP characteristics are first identified by executing customized computing intensive, memory intensive, and hybrid benchmarks. Servers will be labelled and categorized with their affinity for different incoming requests according to their EP and EE characteristics. Then for each VM, EASE will undergo workload characterization procedure by tracing and monitoring their resource usage including CPU, memory, disk, and network and determine whether it is computing intensive, memory intensive, or a hybrid workload. Finally, EASE schedules VMs to servers by matching the VM’s workload type and the server’s EP and EE preference. The rationale of EASE is to schedule VMs to servers to keep them working around their peak energy efficiency point, i.e., the near optimal working range. When workload fluctuates, EASE re-schedules or migrates VMs to other servers to make sure that all the servers are running as near their optimal working range as they possibly can. The experimental results on real clusters show that EASE can save servers’ power consumption as much as 37.07%–49.98% in both homogeneous and heterogeneous clusters, while the average completion time of the computing intensive VMs increases only 0.31%–8.49%. In the heterogeneous nodes, the power consumption of the computing intensive VMs can be reduced by 44.22%. The job completion time can be saved by 53.80%.
Highlights
We propose EASE, the energy efficiency and proportionality aware virtual machine (VM) scheduling service quality
In our previous work [4], we identified the relationship between energy efficiency, Energy proportionality (EP), and processor architecture, hardware configuration, and server performance
#3, the power consumption (138 watts) is lower than when eight VMs are running. This is mainly due to overheads introduced when the kernel virtual machine (KVM) is in memory virtualization, which results in a sharp decline in the efficiency of memory virtualization
Summary
While server energy efficiency has improved much since last decade due to technical breakthroughs, the explosion of cloud computing, online services, social media networks, and Internet. Current data centers (DCs) of giant Internet companies like Google, Facebook, Microsoft, Alibaba are highly energy efficient and have reached the power usage effectiveness (PUE) of 1.1 [6,7]. Consumption of the server with EP = 1.0 should be fully proportionate to its utilization when the the power at idle or low utilization ideally should be almost zero or proportional compared server is working. Good knowledge of a server’s energy proportionality and scheduling to achieve power and/or energy minimization in data centers. The server achieves peak energy efficiency 13,845 ssj_ops per watt at 60% utilization. SPECpower_ssj tend to achieve peak energy efficiency at non-100% utilization.
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