Abstract
This paper presents an energy and environmental characterization of the two most relevant Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles available in the market (Opel Ampera and Toyota Prius Plug-in), in order to provide an estimate of fuel and electricity consumption, tailpipe emissions and charge depleting mode mileage for any drive cycle studied, based on vehicle specific power methodology. These vehicles were monitored under real-world operation with a portable laboratory that collects data from vehicle sensors (via on-board diagnosis port), exhaust gas composition and GPS in a second-by-second basis. An indirect method to measure battery energy fluxes and consequently estimating electric range was developed, providing maximum errors for the Charge Depleting driving range of 4.2% for the Toyota Prius Plug-in and -0.2% for the Opel, when comparing with measured data. Regarding fuel consumption, the maximum error verified was of -4.1%. Using two driving profiles measured in Portugal and the USA, the performance of the two vehicles under charge depleting (CD) and charge sustaining (CS) conditions was compared. Major findings indicate that Opel Ampera is more efficient in CD mode, while the Prius Plug-In is more efficient under CS conditions, but highly dependent on driving behavior when in CD mode.
Highlights
According to Society of Automotive Engineers, an hybrid vehicle is “a vehicle with two or more energy storage systems both of which must provide propulsion power – either together or independently” [1].The increasing prices of fuel and the local benefits in terms of pollution have increased the interest of manufacturers to develop Hybrid Electric (HEV), Plug-in Hybrid (PHEV) and Battery Electric vehicles (BEV) to complement conventional gasoline and diesel powered engines
This way, PHEV present some advantages over internal combustion engine (ICE) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), as they can use only electricity stored on the batteries, without local emissions, and benefit by having less battery weight when compared with a BEV
3.1.2 Validation The validation of the methodology to indirectly estimate the energy flows includes two analysis: compare the evolution of measured state of charge (SOC) in real trips with the estimates provided by the methodology developed; and compare the results provided by the method with battery energy flow measurements performed on a Toyota Prius HEV
Summary
According to Society of Automotive Engineers, an hybrid vehicle is “a vehicle with two or more energy storage systems both of which must provide propulsion power – either together or independently” [1].The increasing prices of fuel and the local benefits in terms of pollution have increased the interest of manufacturers to develop Hybrid Electric (HEV), Plug-in Hybrid (PHEV) and Battery Electric vehicles (BEV) to complement conventional gasoline and diesel powered engines. ChargeSustaining consists on an operation mode in which the battery SOC may fluctuate but, on average, is maintained constant by action of the ICE at a defined level while driving This way, PHEV present some advantages over ICE and HEV, as they can use only electricity stored on the batteries, without local emissions, and benefit by having less battery weight when compared with a BEV. Using Vehicle Specific Power methodology (VSP) [12], on-road data can be grouped in modes with similar power demand (according with vehicle speed, acceleration and road grade) where each mode has associated fuel consumption, electricity use and pollutant mass emission rates This analysis was done for CD and CS driving conditions. The objective of this work is to perform an energy and environmental characterization of the two most sold Plug-in vehicles (Toyota Prius Plug-in and Opel Ampera) in CD and CS modes and their impact on energy use and pollutant emissions, providing an estimate of energy requirements and mass of pollutant emissions for any desired drive cycle according with initial battery SOC conditions
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