Abstract

Water transitions that stress freezing plants, and literature regarding intermolecular bonding of the liquid, have led to the development of a concept that distinguished forms of freeze stress energy. Parameters that characterize equilibrium and nonequilibrium freezing are calculated. The derivation, used previously to identify adhesion as a form of freeze stress, is extended for quantitative biophysical analysis of specific forms of the freeze stresses that alter genetic expression and elicit protective plant responses.

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