Abstract
Inflammation is an old concept that has started to be considered as an important factor in infection and chronic diseases. The role of leukocytes, the plasmatic components, then of the mediators such as prostaglandins, cytokines, and, in recent decades, of the endothelium has completed the concept of the inflammation process. The function of the endothelium appeared to be crucial as a regulator or the initiator of the inflammatory process. Culture of human endothelial cells and experimental systems made it possible to define the molecular basis of inflammation in vascular diseases, in diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, vasculitis and thromboembolic complications. Advanced glycation end product receptor (RAGE), present on endothelial cells (ECs) and monocytes, participates in the activation of these cells in inflammatory conditions. Inflammasome is a cytosolic multiprotein that controls the response to diverse microorganisms. It is positively regulated by stimulator of interferon response CGAMP interactor-1 (STING1). Angiogenesis and thrombotic events are dysregulated during inflammation. ECs appear to be a protector, but also a possible initiator of thrombosis.
Highlights
Blood circulation was described by William Harvey in the 17th century (1628 ExercitatioAnatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus)
The low response to cytokines, the higher propensity to proliferate, and the ets-1 proto-oncogene expression suggest that AMEC have a defective regulation of proliferation that may proliferation rate of arteriovenous malformation endothelial cells (AMEC) is not sensitive to the inhibitory activity of various cytokines (IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, Transforming growth factor (TGF)- β, Interferon-γ)
We described that anti-factor VIII-von Willebrand factor (VWF) may bind to endothelial cells and have a possible deleterious effect [49]
Summary
Blood circulation was described by William Harvey in the 17th century Malpighi carried out important work on capillaries and microcirculation This led to his discovery of capillaries in 1661, which was fundamental to our understanding of the vascular system in the brain (1661 De pumonibus epistolae II and Borellium). The reticuloendothelial system, associated with mononuclear system, was originally described at the beginning of the 20th century as a system that clears old cells and foreign bodies. This concept changed to the mononuclear phagocyte system. The researchers working on endothelial cells organized meetings in which they shared their results. This informal group became the association “Vascular Biology” during the meeting in San Diego (CA, USA) in 1992.
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