Endosulfan and Quinalphos Residues and Toxicity to Soil Microarthropods after Repeated Applications in a Field Investigation

Abstract

Endosulfan (1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachloro-8,9,10-trinorborn-5-en-2,3-ylenedimethylsulphite) and quinalphos (O,O-diethyl O-quinoxalin-2-yl phosphorothioate) persistence and their effect on soil microarthropods were studied after repeated applications in cotton fields. Dissipation behavior of insecticides after repeated applications was observed from 78 to 292 days after the first insecticide treatment. At any given time the concentrations of endosulfan β residues were always higher as compared to endosulfan α. From 78 to 85 days, 5.0% and 20.4% decrease in α and β endosulfan residues was observed, respectively. Endosulfan β isomer decreased up to 93.0% in 292 days. Endosulfan sulfate was detected as a major metabolite in the soil samples. Total endosulfan residues decreased by 86.6% from 78 to 292 days. The amounts of quinalphos residues were less as compared to endosulfan at any given time. The residues observed after 78 days of application were 0.88 ng g−1 d wt. soil. At the end of 145 days, a 35.0% decrease in quinalphos residue was observed, which decreased further by 50.9% in 292 days. Among the soil microarthropods studied, Acarina was more sensitive to the applied insecticides as compared to Collembola. Three days after the last treatment, up to 94.5% (p < 0.01) and 71.2% (p < 0.05) decrease in Acarina population was observed in endosulfan and quinalphos treated fields, respectively, compared to control field. In general, no noticeable change in Collembola population was observed after the insecticide treatments.