Endophytic fungi from Vitex payos: identification and bioactivity

Agness Farai Nhidza,Tawanda Chisango,Edson Panganayi Sibanda,Takafira Mduluza,Musa Mabandla

doi:10.5586/am.1111

Abstract

Endophytic fungi isolated from medicinal plants have an important role to play in the search for new bioactive natural compounds. However, despite their potential as repositories of bioactive compounds, the endophytes of African medicinal plants are largely underexplored. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the endophytic fungi associated with Vitex payos and evaluate their antimicrobial and antioxidant potential. The surface sterilization technique was used to isolate the endophytic fungi that were identified by rDNA sequencing of the ITS region. Crude methanol and ethyl acetate extracts were screened for antimicrobial activity using the agar diffusion method and evaluated for antioxidant activity using a commercial total antioxidant capacity assay kit. The total phenolic content of the extracts was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method and functional groups present in the extracts were predicted using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Seven endophytic fungi isolates identified as Glomerella acutata, Epicoccum nigrum, Diaporthe species, Penicillium chloroleucon, Diaporthe endophytica, Mucor circinelloides, and Epicoccum nigrum were isolated from the tissues of Vitex payos. None of the extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity and the crude ethyl acetate extract obtained from E. nigrum demonstrated both the highest total phenolic content (2.97 ±0.13 mg GAE g−1 dry weight) and total antioxidant capacity (231.23 ±2.03 μM CRE). Fourier-transform infrared spectral analysis of the crude extracts from E. nigrum confirmed the presence of molecules carrying bonded hydroxyl functional group characteristic of phenolic compounds. These preliminary results indicate that most of the isolated fungal endophytes from V. payos belong to the phylum Ascomycota and that the isolated E. nigrum strain has potential as a source of natural antioxidants.

Highlights

There is heightened interest in bioprospecting for natural compounds with potential use as therapeutics owing to several factors that include the rapid development of antimicrobial resistant pathogenic microbes and emergence of new life-threatening diseases [1,2]
It is important to note that all the genera of endophytic fungi isolated from V. payos in this study have previously been isolated from a wide range of other different plant hosts in diverse environments, suggesting that these genera are not host and environment specific
The obtained preliminary antimicrobial activity results suggest that the studied endophytic fungi do not have potential as sources of new antimicrobial agents against the assessed bacterial species

Summary

Introduction

There is heightened interest in bioprospecting for natural compounds with potential use as therapeutics owing to several factors that include the rapid development of antimicrobial resistant pathogenic microbes and emergence of new life-threatening diseases [1,2]. Endophytic fungi have been shown to produce a broad variety of bioactive secondary metabolites and bioprospecting of endophytes is considered a new frontier in the search for natural products with potential agricultural, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications [4,5]. Medicinal plants are rich sources of bioactive natural compounds and studies have shown that some medicinal properties of these plants may be related to the endophytic fungi that they host [2]. Endophytic fungi isolated from medicinal plants have an important role to play in the search for new bioactive natural compounds. Despite this potential of medicinal plants and the rich plant biodiversity in Africa, only a tiny fraction of African medicinal plant species have been studied with regard to their endophytic fungi diversity. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used predict the presence of various functional groups in the endophytic fungi crude extracts

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